Exam question 1 · Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping…

Identify the principal reason for which small animals are capable of lifting loads many times their own weight.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, small animals · What happens: identify, be, lift · To what, where: principal reason, loads

This is exam question 1 of lesson 365 «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 capable	obl
7	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 animals	amod
8	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 capable	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 capable	cop
10	capable	capable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	acl
11	of	of	SCONJ	_	12 lifting	mark
12	lifting	lift	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	10 capable	advcl
13	loads	load	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 lifting	obj
14	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 times	amod
15	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 lifting	obl:unmarked
16	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	18 weight	nmod:poss
17	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 weight	amod
18	weight	weight	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 lifting	obj
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason			vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	is	present	small animals			for the principal reason; capable property	tree rules
3	lift	gerund	small animals not said here	loads	time		vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent load=Theme weight=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Muscular strength increases with the cross-section of muscle, whereas weight increases with the whole volume

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Muscular	muscular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 strength	amod
2	strength	strength	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 increases	nsubj
3	increases	increase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 cross-section	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 cross-section	det
6	cross-section	cross-section	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 increases	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 muscle	case
8	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cross-section	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 increases	punct
10	whereas	whereas	ADV	PronType=Int	12 increases	advmod
11	weight	weight	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 increases	nsubj
12	increases	increase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 increases	conj
13	with	with	ADP	_	16 volume	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 volume	det
15	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 volume	amod
16	volume	volume	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 increases	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	increase	present	Muscular strength					with the cross-section of muscle	vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	increase	present	weight					with the whole volume; whereas property	vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

Small animals consume exceptionally nourishing food

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 animals	amod
2	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 consume	nsubj
3	consume	consume	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	exceptionally	exceptionally	ADV	_	3 consume	advmod
5	nourishing	nourishing	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 food	amod
6	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 consume	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consume	present	Small animals	nourishing food				exceptionally property	vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Asset

Option 3

Small animals are devoid of any skeleton

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 animals	amod
2	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 devoid	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 devoid	cop
4	devoid	devoid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 skeleton	case
6	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	7 skeleton	det
7	skeleton	skeleton	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 devoid	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Small animals					of any skeleton; devoid property	tree rules

Option 4

Small animals possess a greater number of muscles than large animals

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 animals	amod
2	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 possess	nsubj
3	possess	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 number	det
5	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 number	amod
6	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 possess	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 muscles	case
8	muscles	muscle	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 number	nmod
9	than	than	ADP	_	11 animals	case
10	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 animals	amod
11	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 muscles	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	Small animals	a greater number of muscles than large animals					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot number=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/e1/