Exam question 2 · Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping…
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the leaping of the cat flea?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: leaping
This is exam question 2 of lesson 365 «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 characterises | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 statements | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 statements | det |
| 4 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 statements | amod |
| 5 | statements | statement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 characterises | obl |
| 6 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 7 accurately | advmod |
| 7 | accurately | accurately | ADV | _ | 8 characterises | advmod |
| 8 | characterises | characteris | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 leaping | det |
| 10 | leaping | leaping | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 characterises | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 flea | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 flea | det |
| 13 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 flea | compound |
| 14 | flea | flea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 leaping | nmod |
| 15 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 8 characterises | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | follow | gerund | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | characteris | present | the leaping of the cat flea | of the following statements; accurately property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
The flea employs its wings to rise into the air
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 flea | det |
| 2 | flea | flea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 employs | nsubj |
| 3 | employs | employ | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 5 wings | nmod:poss |
| 5 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 employs | obj |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 rise | mark |
| 7 | rise | rise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 employs | xcomp |
| 8 | into | into | ADP | _ | 10 air | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 air | det |
| 10 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 rise | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | employ | present | the flea | flea's wings | vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent wing=Theme clause=Attribute | ||||
| 2 | rise | to-infinitive | the flea not said here | the air | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into air=Initial_Location |
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer
Energy is stored in an elastic pad and released suddenly in the manner of a catapult
The tree, 16 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Energy | energy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 stored | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 stored | aux:pass |
| 3 | stored | store | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 pad | case |
| 5 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 pad | det |
| 6 | elastic | elastic | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 pad | amod |
| 7 | pad | pad | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 stored | obl |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 released | cc |
| 9 | released | release | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 stored | conj |
| 10 | suddenly | suddenly | ADV | _ | 9 released | advmod |
| 11 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 manner | case |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 manner | det |
| 13 | manner | manner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 released | obl |
| 14 | of | of | ADP | _ | 16 catapult | case |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 catapult | det |
| 16 | catapult | catapult | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 manner | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | store | present · passive | Energy | a elastic pad | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in pad=Location | ||||
| 2 | release | participle | the manner of a catapult | suddenly property | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer |
Option 3
The leap is effected solely by large muscles of the legs
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 leap | det |
| 2 | leap | leap | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 effected | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 effected | aux:pass |
| 4 | effected | affect | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | solely | solely | ADV | _ | 4 effected | advmod |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 muscles | case |
| 7 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 muscles | amod |
| 8 | muscles | muscle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 effected | obl:agent |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 legs | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 legs | det |
| 11 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 muscles | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | affect | present · passive | large muscles of the legs | the leap | solely property | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
Option 4
The flea is propelled by currents of air
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 flea | det |
| 2 | flea | flea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 propelled | nsubj:pass |
| 3 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 propelled | aux:pass |
| 4 | propelled | propel | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | by | by | ADP | _ | 6 currents | case |
| 6 | currents | current | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 propelled | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 air | case |
| 8 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 currents | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | propel | present · passive | currents of air | the flea | tree rules |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/e2/