Exam question 1 · Insects: butterflies, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, grasshop…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the process within the chrysalis?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: process

This is exam question 1 of lesson 37 «Insects: butterflies, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 process	det
10	process	process	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	within	within	ADP	_	13 chrysalis	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 chrysalis	det
13	chrysalis	chrysalis	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the process				of the following statements; within the chrysalis; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Much of the larval body is broken down and reconstructed into the adult form

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 broken	nsubj:pass
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 body	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 body	det
4	larval	larval	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 body	amod
5	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Much	nmod
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 broken	aux:pass
7	broken	break	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	down	down	ADP	_	7 broken	compound:prt
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 reconstructed	cc
10	reconstructed	reconstruct	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 broken	conj
11	into	into	ADP	_	14 form	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 form	det
13	adult	adult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 form	amod
14	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 reconstructed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	break down	present · passive		Much of the larval body					vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	reconstruct	participle				the adult form			tree rules

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The caterpillar merely sleeps until wings emerge

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 caterpillar	det
2	caterpillar	caterpillar	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 sleeps	nsubj
3	merely	merely	ADV	_	4 sleeps	advmod
4	sleeps	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	until	until	ADP	_	6 wings	case
6	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sleeps	obl
7	emerge	emerge	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 sleeps	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	the caterpillar				until wings	merely property	tree rules
2	emerge	infinitive	the caterpillar not said here						vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

The caterpillar is replaced by a different animal

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 caterpillar	det
2	caterpillar	caterpillar	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 replaced	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 replaced	aux:pass
4	replaced	replace	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	8 animal	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 animal	det
7	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 animal	amod
8	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 replaced	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	replace	present · passive	a different animal	the caterpillar					vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme

Option 4

The caterpillar lays an egg which, in due course, develops into the winged butterfly

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 caterpillar	det
2	caterpillar	caterpillar	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lays	nsubj
3	lays	lay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 egg	det
5	egg	egg	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lays	obj
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 egg	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 course	punct
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 course	case
9	due	due	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 course	amod
10	course	course	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 lays	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 develops	punct
12	develops	develop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 lays	conj
13	into	into	ADP	_	16 butterfly	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 butterfly	det
15	winged	wing	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 butterfly	amod
16	butterfly	butterfly	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 develops	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	lay	present	the caterpillar	a egg	due course		vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme in course=Destination
2	develop	present	the caterpillar not said here			into the winged butterfly	vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.patient V PP.product»: agent=Patient into butterfly=Product
3	wing	participle					vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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