Exam question 1 · China's mountains: golden snub-nosed monkeys, takins, red-…

Identify the principal function of the folds of skin along the flanks of the Chinese giant salamander.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify · To what, where: principal function

This is exam question 1 of lesson 378 «China's mountains: golden snub-nosed monkeys, takins, red-crowned cranes and giant salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 function	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 function	amod
4	function	function	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 folds	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 folds	det
7	folds	fold	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 function	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 skin	case
9	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 folds	nmod
10	along	along	ADP	_	12 flanks	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 flanks	det
12	flanks	flank	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Identify	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	17 salamander	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 salamander	det
15	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 salamander	amod
16	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 salamander	amod
17	salamander	salamander	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 flanks	nmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal function of the folds of skin				along the flanks of the Chinese giant salamander	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent function=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They conceal its eggs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 conceal	nsubj
2	conceal	conceal	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 eggs	nmod:poss
4	eggs	egg	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 conceal	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	conceal	present	They	its eggs					vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent egg=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

They enlarge the surface through which oxygen is absorbed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 enlarge	nsubj
2	enlarge	enlarge	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 surface	det
4	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 enlarge	obj
5	through	through	SCONJ	_	9 absorbed	mark
6	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	7 oxygen	det
7	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 absorbed	nsubj:pass
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 absorbed	aux:pass
9	absorbed	absorb	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 enlarge	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	enlarge	present	They	the surface					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent surface=Patient
2	absorb	present · passive		which oxygen					vn absorb-39.8 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 3

They store fat for hibernation

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 store	nsubj
2	store	store	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	fat	fat	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 store	obj
4	for	for	ADP	_	5 hibernation	case
5	hibernation	hibernation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 store	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	store	present	They	fat				for hibernation	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fat=Theme

Option 4

They serve to frighten predators by making the animal appear larger than it is

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 serve	nsubj
2	serve	serve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 frighten	mark
4	frighten	frighten	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 serve	advcl
5	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 frighten	obj
6	by	by	SCONJ	_	7 making	mark
7	making	make	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 frighten	advcl
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 animal	det
9	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 making	obj
10	appear	appear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 making	xcomp
11	larger	large	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	10 appear	xcomp
12	than	than	ADP	_	13 it	case
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 larger	obl
14	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 serve	cop

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	They		serve property	tree rules
2	frighten	to-infinitive	They not said here	predators		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus predator=Experiencer
3	make	gerund	They not said here	the animal		tree rules
4	appear	infinitive	the animal not said here		large property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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