Exam question 4 · How animals sleep: half-asleep dolphins, standing horses,…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the sleep of frigatebirds in flight?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: frigatebirds · What happens: follow, characteris, sleep · To what, where: sleep

This is exam question 4 of lesson 390 «How animals sleep: half-asleep dolphins, standing horses, short-sleeping giraffes and birds that nap in the air» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 sleep	det
10	sleep	sleep	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 frigatebirds	case
12	frigatebirds	frigatebird	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 sleep	nmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 flight	case
14	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 frigatebirds	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the sleep of frigatebirds in flight	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	sleep		frigatebirds in flight			nom sleep «state intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

They never sleep at any time

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 sleep	nsubj
2	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	3 sleep	advmod
3	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	6 time	case
5	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	6 time	det
6	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sleep	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not sleep	present	They				time		vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They sleep less than an hour daily, chiefly in naps of a few seconds

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleep	nsubj
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp ExtPos=ADV	6 hour	advmod
4	than	than	ADP	_	3 less	fixed
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 hour	det
6	hour	hour	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleep	obl
7	daily	daily	ADV	_	2 sleep	advmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 chiefly	punct
9	chiefly	chiefly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 sleep	conj
10	in	in	ADP	_	11 naps	case
11	naps	nap	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 chiefly	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 seconds	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 seconds	det
14	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 seconds	amod
15	seconds	second	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 naps	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	They				hour	daily property	vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3

They sleep only upon the surface of the sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleep	nsubj
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	6 surface	advmod
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 surface	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 surface	det
6	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleep	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 sea	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 sea	det
9	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 surface	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	They	the surface of the sea					vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surface=Theme

Option 4

They sleep twelve hours continuously while gliding in the air

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 sleep	nsubj
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	twelve	twelve	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 hours	nummod
4	hours	hour	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 sleep	obl:unmarked
5	continuously	continuously	ADV	_	2 sleep	advmod
6	while	while	SCONJ	_	7 gliding	mark
7	gliding	glide	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 sleep	advcl
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 air	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 air	det
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 gliding	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	They				hour	continuously property	vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	glide	gerund	They not said here			the air			vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in air=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/390-how-animals-sleep-half-asleep-dolphins-standing-horses-short-sleeping-giraffes-and-birds-that-nap-in-the-air/e4/