Exam question 1 · Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colou…
Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the present state of knowledge regarding dreaming in non-human animals?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: knowledge · What happens: follow, characteris, regard, dream · To what, where: present state
This is exam question 1 of lesson 391 «Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colour-changing octopuses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 characterises | nsubj |
| 2 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 statements | case |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 statements | det |
| 4 | following | follow | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 statements | amod |
| 5 | statements | statement | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 characterises | obl |
| 6 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 7 accurately | advmod |
| 7 | accurately | accurately | ADV | _ | 8 characterises | advmod |
| 8 | characterises | characteris | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 state | det |
| 10 | present | present | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 state | amod |
| 11 | state | state | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 characterises | obj |
| 12 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 knowledge | case |
| 13 | knowledge | knowledge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 state | nmod |
| 14 | regarding | regard | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 13 knowledge | acl |
| 15 | dreaming | dream | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 14 regarding | xcomp |
| 16 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 animals | case |
| 17 | non-human | non-human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 animals | amod |
| 18 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 dreaming | obl |
| 19 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 8 characterises | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | follow | gerund | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | characteris | present | the present state of knowledge | of the following statements; accurately property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | regard | gerund | knowledge not said here | vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute | |||||
| 4 | dream | gerund | knowledge not said here | in non-human animals | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1
It has been conclusively demonstrated by experiment that all animals dream in precisely the same manner as human beings
The tree, 19 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 demonstrated | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 demonstrated | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 demonstrated | aux:pass |
| 4 | conclusively | conclusively | ADV | _ | 5 demonstrated | advmod |
| 5 | demonstrated | demonstrate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 7 experiment | case |
| 7 | experiment | experiment | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 demonstrated | obl |
| 8 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 11 dream | mark |
| 9 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 10 animals | det |
| 10 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 dream | nsubj |
| 11 | dream | dream | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 demonstrated | advcl |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 manner | case |
| 13 | precisely | precisely | ADV | _ | 16 manner | advmod |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 manner | det |
| 15 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 manner | amod |
| 16 | manner | manner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 dream | obl |
| 17 | as | as | ADP | _ | 19 beings | case |
| 18 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 beings | amod |
| 19 | beings | being | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 demonstrated | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | demonstrate | present · perfect · passive | experiment | It | as human beings; conclusively property | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot subject=Topic | |||
| 2 | dream | present | all animals | the same manner | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent |
Option 2
It has been conclusively demonstrated that no animal other than man dreams
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 demonstrated | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 demonstrated | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 demonstrated | aux:pass |
| 4 | conclusively | conclusively | ADV | _ | 5 demonstrated | advmod |
| 5 | demonstrated | demonstrate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 9 other | mark |
| 7 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 8 animal | det |
| 8 | animal | animal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 other | nsubj |
| 9 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 demonstrated | xcomp |
| 10 | than | than | ADP | _ | 12 dreams | case |
| 11 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 dreams | compound |
| 12 | dreams | dream | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 other | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | demonstrate | present · perfect · passive | It | conclusively, other property | vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
Option 3
Dreaming has been observed exclusively in reptiles and in no other class of animal
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dreaming | dreaming | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 observed | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 observed | aux |
| 3 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 4 observed | aux:pass |
| 4 | observed | observe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | exclusively | exclusively | ADV | _ | 4 observed | advmod |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 reptiles | case |
| 7 | reptiles | reptile | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 observed | obl |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 class | cc |
| 9 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 class | case |
| 10 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 12 class | det |
| 11 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 class | amod |
| 12 | class | class | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 reptiles | conj |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 animal | case |
| 14 | animal | animal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 class | nmod |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | observe | present · perfect · passive | Dreaming | reptiles and no other class of animal | exclusively property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer
Many animals exhibit a sleep stage associated with dreaming, but whether they dream cannot at present be ascertained
The tree, 19 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 animals | amod |
| 2 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 exhibit | nsubj |
| 3 | exhibit | exhibit | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 stage | det |
| 5 | sleep | sleep | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 stage | compound |
| 6 | stage | stage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 exhibit | obj |
| 7 | associated | associate | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 stage | acl |
| 8 | with | with | ADP | _ | 9 dreaming | case |
| 9 | dreaming | dream | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 7 associated | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 dream | punct |
| 11 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 14 dream | cc |
| 12 | whether | whether | SCONJ | _ | 14 dream | mark |
| 13 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 dream | nsubj |
| 14 | dream | dream | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 exhibit | conj |
| 15 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 20 ascertained | aux |
| 16 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 20 ascertained | advmod |
| 17 | at | at | SCONJ | _ | 20 ascertained | mark |
| 18 | present | present | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 ascertained | nsubj:pass |
| 19 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 20 ascertained | aux:pass |
| 20 | ascertained | ascertain | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 exhibit | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | exhibit | present | Many animals | a sleep stage | vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stage=Theme | ||||
| 2 | associate | participle | a sleep stage not said here | vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | dream | gerund | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | dream | present | animals = animal | vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | not ascertain | can · passive | present | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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