Test 11 · ★ · Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colou…

Why would scientists study lizards and the platypus to learn about our own sleep?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: scientists, our · What happens: study, learn, sleep · To what, where: lizards

This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 391 «Do animals dream? Twitching dogs, replaying rats and colour-changing octopuses» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	4 study	advmod
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 study	aux
3	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 study	nsubj
4	study	study	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 study	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 platypus	cc
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 platypus	det
8	platypus	platypus	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 lizards	conj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 learn	mark
10	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 platypus	acl
11	about	about	ADP	_	14 sleep	case
12	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 sleep	nmod:poss
13	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 sleep	amod
14	sleep	sleep	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 learn	obl
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 study	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	study	would	scientists	lizards and the platypus		vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lizard=Topic
2	learn	to-infinitive	scientists not said here		about our own sleep	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about sleep=Topic
3	sleep		our			nom sleep «state intransitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Lizards are much easier to wake up than people

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 easier	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 easier	cop
3	much	much	ADV	_	4 easier	advmod
4	easier	easy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 wake	mark
6	wake	wake	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 easier	xcomp
7	up	up	ADP	_	6 wake	compound:prt
8	than	than	ADP	_	9 people	case
9	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 wake	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Lizards					easy property	tree rules
2	wake up	to-infinitive	Lizards not said here					than people	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2

The platypus is the closest living relative of human beings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 platypus	det
2	platypus	platypus	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 relative	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 relative	cop
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 relative	det
5	closest	close	ADJ	Degree=Sup	7 relative	amod
6	living	living	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 relative	amod
7	relative	relative	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 beings	case
9	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 beings	amod
10	beings	being	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 relative	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the platypus	the closest living relative				of human beings	tree rules

Option 3

Lizards sleep in exactly the same way as human teenagers do

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 sleep	nsubj
2	sleep	sleep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	7 way	case
4	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	7 way	advmod
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 way	det
6	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 way	amod
7	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sleep	obl
8	as	as	SCONJ	_	11 do	mark
9	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 teenagers	amod
10	teenagers	teenager	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 do	nsubj
11	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 sleep	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sleep	present	Lizards			the same way			vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in way=Location
2	do	present	human teenagers						vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Old kinds of animals may show how sleep stages began long ago

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 kinds	amod
2	kinds	kind	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 show	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 animals	case
4	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 kinds	nmod
5	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 show	aux
6	show	show	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	10 began	advmod
8	sleep	sleep	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 stages	compound
9	stages	stage	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 began	nsubj
10	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 show	advcl
11	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	12 ago	advmod
12	ago	ago	ADV	_	10 began	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	may	Old kinds of animals						vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	begin	past	sleep stages					ago property	vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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