Exam question 1 · The axolotl, the tardigrade and the mantis shrimp

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the axolotl?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: axolotl

This is exam question 1 of lesson 44 «The axolotl, the tardigrade and the mantis shrimp» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 axolotl	det
10	axolotl	axolotl	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the axolotl				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It is a fish which has learned to walk upon the bed of the lake

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 fish	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 fish	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 fish	det
4	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 learned	nsubj
6	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 learned	aux
7	learned	learn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	4 fish	acl:relcl
8	to	to	PART	_	9 walk	mark
9	walk	walk	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 learned	xcomp
10	upon	upon	ADP	_	12 bed	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 bed	det
12	bed	bed	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 walk	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 lake	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 lake	det
15	lake	lake	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 bed	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a fish		tree rules
2	learn	present · perfect	a fish			vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	walk	to-infinitive	a fish not said here		the bed of the lake	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon bed=Trajectory

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It is a salamander which retains its larval gills and remains wholly aquatic

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 salamander	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 salamander	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 salamander	det
4	salamander	salamander	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 retains	nsubj
6	retains	retain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 salamander	acl:relcl
7	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 gills	nmod:poss
8	larval	larval	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 gills	amod
9	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 retains	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 remains	cc
11	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	9 gills	conj
12	wholly	wholly	ADV	_	13 aquatic	advmod
13	aquatic	aquatic	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 retains	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a salamander					tree rules
2	retain	present	a salamander	salamander's larval gills and remains				aquatic obl	tree rules

Option 3

It is a lizard which inhabits the deserts of Mexico

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 lizard	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lizard	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 lizard	det
4	lizard	lizard	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 inhabits	nsubj
6	inhabits	inhabit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lizard	acl:relcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 deserts	det
8	deserts	desert	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 inhabits	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 Mexico	case
10	Mexico	Mexico	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 deserts	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a lizard					tree rules
2	inhabit	present	a lizard	the deserts of Mexico					tree rules

Option 4

It is a salamander which loses its gills and lives upon land

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 salamander	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 salamander	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 salamander	det
4	salamander	salamander	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 loses	nsubj
6	loses	lose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 salamander	acl:relcl
7	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 gills	nmod:poss
8	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 loses	obj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 lives	cc
10	lives	live	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 loses	conj
11	upon	upon	ADP	_	12 land	case
12	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 lives	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a salamander		tree rules
2	lose	present	a salamander	salamander's gills		vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gill=Eventuality
3	live	present	a salamander not said here		land	vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon land=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/44-axolotl-tardigrade-mantis-shrimp/e1/