Exam question 1 · Babies: eggs, live birth, pouches and parents

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the reproduction of the red kangaroo?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: red kangaroo · What happens: follow, characteris, reproduce · To what, where: reproduction

This is exam question 1 of lesson 49 «Babies: eggs, live birth, pouches and parents» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 reproduction	det
10	reproduction	reproduction	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 kangaroo	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 kangaroo	det
13	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 kangaroo	amod
14	kangaroo	kangaroo	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 reproduction	nmod
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the reproduction of the red kangaroo	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	reproduce		the red kangaroo			nom reproduction «process intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The young is hatched from an egg deposited within the pouch of the mother some weeks before

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 young	det
2	young	young	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hatched	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 hatched	aux:pass
4	hatched	hatch	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	7 egg	case
6	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 egg	det
7	egg	egg	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 hatched	obl
8	deposited	deposit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 egg	acl
9	within	within	ADP	_	11 pouch	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 pouch	det
11	pouch	pouch	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 deposited	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 mother	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 mother	det
14	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 pouch	nmod
15	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	16 weeks	det
16	weeks	week	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 hatched	obl:unmarked
17	before	before	ADV	_	4 hatched	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hatch	present · passive		the young			week	from a egg; before property	vn grow-26.2.1 «NP V NP.product PP.patient»: subject=Product from egg=Patient
2	deposit	participle		a egg not said here				within the pouch of the mother	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The young is born at a size approaching that of the mother

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 young	det
2	young	young	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 born	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 born	aux:pass
4	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 size	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 size	det
7	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 born	obl
8	approaching	approach	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 size	acl
9	that	that	ADP	ExtPos=ADP	12 mother	case
10	of	of	ADP	_	9 that	fixed
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 mother	det
12	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 approaching	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	present · passive		the young		a size			vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	approach	gerund	a size not said here					that the mother	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

The young is reared by the father upon his feet

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 young	det
2	young	young	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reared	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 reared	aux:pass
4	reared	rear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 father	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 father	det
7	father	father	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reared	obl
8	upon	upon	ADP	_	10 feet	case
9	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 feet	nmod:poss
10	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 father	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rear	present · passive	the father upon his feet	the young					vn rear-26.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The young is born minute, after a brief period, and completes its growth in the pouch

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 young	det
2	young	young	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 born	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 born	aux:pass
4	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	minute	minute	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 born	obl:unmarked
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 period	punct
7	after	after	ADP	_	10 period	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 period	det
9	brief	brief	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 period	amod
10	period	period	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 born	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 completes	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 completes	cc
13	completes	complete	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 born	conj
14	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 growth	nmod:poss
15	growth	growth	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 completes	obj
16	in	in	ADP	_	18 pouch	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 pouch	det
18	pouch	pouch	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 completes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	bear	present · passive		the young		after a brief period; minute	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	complete	present		young's growth	the pouch		vn complete-55.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent growth=Eventuality
3	grow		young				nom growth «process intransitive»: poss=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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