Exam question 3 · How animals hide: camouflage and mimicry

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the hoverfly.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, hoverfly

This is exam question 3 of lesson 51 «How animals hide: camouflage and mimicry» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 hoverfly	det
11	hoverfly	hoverfly	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the hoverfly		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus hoverfly=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It is a harmless fly whose resemblance to a wasp deters birds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 fly	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fly	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 fly	det
4	harmless	harmless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 fly	amod
5	fly	fly	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	whose	whose	PRON	Poss=Yes PronType=Rel	7 resemblance	nmod:poss
7	resemblance	resemblance	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 deters	nsubj
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 wasp	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 wasp	det
10	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 resemblance	nmod
11	deters	deter	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fly	parataxis
12	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 deters	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a harmless fly					tree rules
2	deter	present	resemblance to a wasp	birds					vn discourage-64.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer bird=Eventuality

Option 2

It possesses a sting considerably more potent than that of the wasp

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 possesses	nsubj
2	possesses	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 sting	det
4	sting	sting	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 possesses	obj
5	considerably	considerably	ADV	_	7 potent	advmod
6	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	7 potent	advmod
7	potent	potent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 possesses	xcomp
8	than	than	ADP	_	9 that	case
9	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	7 potent	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 wasp	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 wasp	det
12	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 that	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	It	a sting				potent property	vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot sting=Theme

Option 3

It bears two complete pairs of wings in the manner of the true wasp

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 bears	nsubj
2	bears	bear	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 pairs	nummod
4	complete	complete	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 pairs	amod
5	pairs	pair	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 bears	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 wings	case
7	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 pairs	nmod
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 manner	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 manner	det
10	manner	manner	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bears	nmod
11	of	of	ADP	_	14 wasp	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 wasp	det
13	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 wasp	amod
14	wasp	wasp	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 manner	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

It is avoided by birds on account of its exceedingly disagreeable odour

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 avoided	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 avoided	aux:pass
3	avoided	avoid	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 birds	case
5	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 avoided	obl
6	on	on	ADP	_	7 account	case
7	account	account	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 avoided	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	12 odour	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	12 odour	nmod:poss
10	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 odour	amod
11	disagreeable	disagreeable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 odour	amod
12	odour	odour	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 account	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	avoid	present · passive	birds	It		account of account's exceedingly disagreeable odour			vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent subject=Location
2	account			account's exceedingly disagreeable odour					nom account «communication transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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