Exam question 3 · How animals hunt

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the luminous lure of the female anglerfish.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, luminous lure

This is exam question 3 of lesson 52 «How animals hunt» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 lure	det
11	luminous	luminous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 lure	amod
12	lure	lure	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	16 anglerfish	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 anglerfish	det
15	female	female	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 anglerfish	amod
16	anglerfish	anglerfish	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 lure	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the luminous lure of the female anglerfish		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lure=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It serves exclusively to frighten larger predators

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 serves	nsubj
2	serves	serve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	2 serves	advmod
4	to	to	PART	_	5 frighten	mark
5	frighten	frighten	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 serves	advcl
6	larger	large	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 predators	amod
7	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 frighten	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	serve	present	It					exclusively property	vn masquerade-29.6-2 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent
2	frighten	to-infinitive		larger predators					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus predator=Experiencer

Option 2

It discharges electricity to stun passing vessels

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 discharges	nsubj
2	discharges	discharge	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	electricity	electricity	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 discharges	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 stun	mark
5	stun	stun	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 discharges	advcl
6	passing	pass	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 vessels	amod
7	vessels	vessel	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 stun	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	discharge	present	It	electricity	vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent electricity=Theme
2	stun	to-infinitive		passing vessels	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus vessel=Experiencer
3	pass	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Its light is produced by bacteria and attracts prey in darkness

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 light	nmod:poss
2	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 produced	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 produced	aux:pass
4	produced	produce	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 bacteria	case
6	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 produced	obl:agent
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 attracts	cc
8	attracts	attract	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 produced	conj
9	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 attracts	obj
10	in	in	ADP	_	11 darkness	case
11	darkness	darkness	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 attracts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	produce	present · passive	bacteria	Its light		vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result
2	attract	present	bacteria not said here	prey	darkness	vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient
3	light		Its = it			nom light «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

It is illuminated by moonlight reflected downward from the surface

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 illuminated	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 illuminated	aux:pass
3	illuminated	illuminate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	SCONJ	_	6 reflected	mark
5	moonlight	moonlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 reflected	nsubj
6	reflected	reflect	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 illuminated	advcl
7	downward	downward	ADV	_	6 reflected	advmod
8	from	from	ADP	_	10 surface	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 surface	det
10	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 reflected	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	illuminate	present · passive		It					vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Destination
2	reflect	past	moonlight			the surface		downward property	vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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