Test 8 · Growing: teeth, height, hair, nails, from baby to grown-up

Why can a foal stand an hour after birth while a human baby takes about a year to walk?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: foal, human baby · What happens: stand, take, walk

This is test 8 of lesson 71 «Growing: teeth, height, hair, nails, from baby to grown-up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 stand	advmod
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 stand	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 foal	det
4	foal	foal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stand	nsubj
5	stand	stand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 hour	det
7	hour	hour	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stand	obj
8	after	after	ADP	_	9 birth	case
9	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stand	obl
10	while	while	SCONJ	_	14 takes	mark
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 baby	det
12	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 baby	amod
13	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 takes	nsubj
14	takes	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 stand	advcl
15	about	about	ADV	_	17 year	advmod
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 year	det
17	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 takes	obl
18	to	to	PART	_	19 walk	mark
19	walk	walk	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 takes	advcl
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 stand	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	when	roles by
1	stand	can	a foal	after birth; hour	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	take	present	a human baby	year	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	walk	to-infinitive	a human baby not said here		vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Human legs have no bones until age one

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 legs	amod
2	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	nsubj
3	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 bones	det
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	obj
6	until	until	ADP	_	7 age	case
7	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 have	obl
8	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 age	flat

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Human legs	no bones			until age		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

Option 2

Foals are born already one year old

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Foals	foal	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 born	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 born	aux:pass
3	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	already	already	ADV	_	3 born	advmod
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 year	nummod
6	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 old	obl:unmarked
7	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 born	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	present · passive		Foals				old property	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Option 3

Human babies are just lazier than foals and would rather be carried about by their parents

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 babies	amod
2	babies	baby	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lazier	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 lazier	cop
4	just	just	ADV	_	5 lazier	advmod
5	lazier	lazy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
6	than	than	ADP	_	7 foals	case
7	foals	foal	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lazier	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 carried	cc
9	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 carried	aux
10	rather	rather	ADV	_	12 carried	advmod
11	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	12 carried	aux:pass
12	carried	carry	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 lazier	conj
13	about	about	ADV	_	12 carried	advmod
14	by	by	ADP	_	16 parents	case
15	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 parents	nmod:poss
16	parents	parent	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 carried	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Human babies					than foals; lazy property	tree rules
2	carry	would · passive	babies's parents					about property	vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A human baby's brain still has a lot of growing to do and must learn balance

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 baby	det
2	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 baby	amod
3	baby	baby	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 brain	nmod:poss
4	's	's	PART	_	3 baby	case
5	brain	brain	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 has	nsubj
6	still	still	ADV	_	7 has	advmod
7	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 lot	det
9	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 has	obj
10	of	of	SCONJ	_	11 growing	mark
11	growing	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 lot	acl
12	to	to	PART	_	13 do	mark
13	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 growing	xcomp
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 learn	cc
15	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 learn	aux
16	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 has	conj
17	balance	balance	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 learn	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	have	present	a human baby's brain	a lot	still	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Patient
2	grow	gerund	a lot not said here			tree rules
3	do	to-infinitive	a lot not said here			vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	learn	must	a human baby's brain not said here	balance		vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent balance=Topic

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/71-growing-from-baby-to-grown-up/t8/