Exam question 2 · Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they lived

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the classification of the pterosaurs.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, classify · To what, where: response, classification, pterosaurs

This is exam question 2 of lesson 75 «Dinosaurs: kinds, sizes and how they lived» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 classification	det
11	classification	classification	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 pterosaurs	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 pterosaurs	det
14	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 classification	nmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the classification of the pterosaurs		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus classification=Experiencer
4	classify			the pterosaurs		nom classification «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The pterosaurs were the direct ancestors of all modern birds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pterosaurs	det
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 ancestors	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 ancestors	cop
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 ancestors	det
5	direct	direct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 ancestors	amod
6	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 birds	case
8	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	10 birds	det
9	modern	modern	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 birds	amod
10	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 ancestors	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	the pterosaurs	the direct ancestors				of all modern birds	tree rules

Option 2

The pterosaurs were flying mammals related to the bats

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pterosaurs	det
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 mammals	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 mammals	cop
4	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 mammals	amod
5	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	related	related	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 mammals	amod
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 bats	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 bats	det
9	bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 related	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fly	gerund							vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is a	past	the pterosaurs	flying mammals					tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

The pterosaurs were feathered dinosaurs belonging to the theropod group

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pterosaurs	det
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 dinosaurs	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 dinosaurs	cop
4	feathered	feathered	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 dinosaurs	amod
5	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	belonging	belong	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 dinosaurs	acl
7	to	to	ADP	_	10 group	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 group	det
9	theropod	theropod	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 group	compound
10	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 belonging	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	the pterosaurs	feathered dinosaurs					tree rules
2	belong	gerund	feathered dinosaurs not said here					to the theropod group	vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The pterosaurs were flying reptiles distinct from the dinosaurs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pterosaurs	det
2	pterosaurs	pterosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 reptiles	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 reptiles	cop
4	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 reptiles	amod
5	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	distinct	distinct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 reptiles	amod
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 dinosaurs	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 dinosaurs	det
9	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 reptiles	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fly	gerund							vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is a	past	the pterosaurs	flying reptiles				from the dinosaurs	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/75-dinosaurs-kinds-sizes-and-lives/e2/