Exam question 4 · The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 3: The Wild Woo…

It is given that snow had fallen. Identify the principal difficulty which it occasioned.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: snow, you, principal difficulty · What happens: give, fall, identify, occasion · To what, where: It, principal difficulty

This is exam question 4 of lesson 35 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter III, part 3: The Wild Wood (the Rat finds the Mole, and the snow comes)» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that snow had fallen.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	5 snow	det
5	snow	snow	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 fallen	nsubj
6	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 fallen	aux
7	fallen	fall	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 given	ccomp
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					tree rules
2	fall	past · perfect	that snow						vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Identify the principal difficulty which it occasioned.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 difficulty	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 difficulty	amod
4	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 occasioned	nsubj
6	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 occasioned	nsubj
7	occasioned	occasion	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 difficulty	acl:relcl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal difficulty					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent difficulty=Theme
2	occasion	past	the principal difficulty						tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It concealed every landmark, so that the Rat knew not where they were

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 concealed	nsubj
2	concealed	conceal	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	4 landmark	det
4	landmark	landmark	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 concealed	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 knew	punct
6	so	so	SCONJ	ExtPos=SCONJ	10 knew	mark
7	that	that	SCONJ	_	6 so	fixed
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Rat	det
9	Rat	Rat	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 knew	nsubj
10	knew	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 concealed	parataxis
11	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	10 knew	advmod
12	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	10 knew	ccomp
13	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 where	nsubj
14	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 where	cop

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	conceal	past	It	every landmark		vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent landmark=Patient
2	not know	past	the Rat			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
3	is	past	they		where property	tree rules

Option 2

It hid every path, every tree and every stone, so the Mole and Rat wandered helplessly in circles all night

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 hid	nsubj
2	hid	hide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	4 path	det
4	path	path	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hid	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 tree	punct
6	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	7 tree	det
7	tree	tree	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 path	appos
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 stone	cc
9	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	10 stone	det
10	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 tree	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 wandered	punct
12	so	so	ADV	_	17 wandered	advmod
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 Mole	det
14	Mole	Mole	PROPN	Number=Sing	17 wandered	nsubj
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 Rat	cc
16	Rat	Rat	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 Mole	conj
17	wandered	wander	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 hid	conj
18	helplessly	helplessly	ADV	_	17 wandered	advmod
19	in	in	ADP	_	20 circles	case
20	circles	circle	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 wandered	obl
21	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	22 night	det
22	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 hid	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hide	past	It	every path			night		vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent path=Patient
2	wander	past	the Mole and Rat			circles		helplessly property	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in circle=Trajectory

Option 3

It concealed every landmark and froze the stream, so that the Rat could not tell which way led home at all

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 concealed	nsubj
2	concealed	conceal	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	4 landmark	det
4	landmark	landmark	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 concealed	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 froze	cc
6	froze	freeze	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 concealed	conj
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 stream	det
8	stream	stream	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 froze	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 tell	punct
10	so	so	SCONJ	ExtPos=SCONJ	16 tell	mark
11	that	that	SCONJ	_	10 so	fixed
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Rat	det
13	Rat	Rat	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 tell	nsubj
14	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 tell	aux
15	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	16 tell	advmod
16	tell	tell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 concealed	conj
17	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	18 way	det
18	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 led	nsubj
19	led	lead	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	16 tell	ccomp
20	home	home	ADV	_	19 led	advmod
21	at	at	ADP	_	22 all	case
22	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	19 led	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	conceal	past	It	every landmark			vn concealment-16 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent landmark=Patient
2	freeze	past		the stream			vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient stream=Result
3	not tell speech: assert	could	the Rat				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	lead	past	which way		all	home property	vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent at all=Destination

Option 4

It made the wood look pretty but also very hard to cross

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 made	nsubj
2	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 wood	det
4	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 look	nsubj
5	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 made	ccomp
6	pretty	pretty	ADV	_	5 look	advmod
7	but	but	CCONJ	_	10 hard	cc
8	also	also	ADV	_	10 hard	advmod
9	very	very	ADV	_	10 hard	advmod
10	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 made	conj
11	to	to	PART	_	12 cross	mark
12	cross	cross	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 hard	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	make	past	It		tree rules
2	look	present	the wood	pretty property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
3	cross	to-infinitive			vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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