Exam question 1 · Tales of Rome, Horatius at the Bridge: Horatius holds the…

Which army advanced upon the city of Rome, and what defensive action did the Roman citizens undertake in response?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: army, defensive action, Roman citizens · What happens: advance, do, undertake · To what, where: response

This is exam question 1 of lesson 352 «Tales of Rome, Horatius at the Bridge: Horatius holds the bridge alone and saves Rome from Porsena's army» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	DET	PronType=Int	2 army	det
2	army	army	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 advanced	nsubj
3	advanced	advance	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	upon	upon	ADP	_	6 city	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 city	det
6	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 advanced	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 Rome	case
8	Rome	Rome	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 city	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 did	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 did	cc
11	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	14 did	obj
12	defensive	defensive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 action	amod
13	action	action	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 did	nsubj
14	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 advanced	conj
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 citizens	det
16	Roman	roman	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 citizens	amod
17	citizens	citizen	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 undertake	nsubj
18	undertake	undertake	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 did	ccomp
19	in	in	ADP	_	20 response	case
20	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 undertake	obl
21	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 advanced	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	advance	past	which army		upon the city of Rome	vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	do	past	defensive action			tree rules
3	undertake	present	the Roman citizens	response		vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The Romans hid in the city

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Romans	det
2	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 hid	nsubj
3	hid	hide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 city	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 city	det
6	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hid	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hide	past	the Romans			the city			vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in city=Location

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The Etruscan army marched on the city, and the Romans fled into the hills and abandoned their homes in fear

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 army	det
2	Etruscan	etruscan	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 army	amod
3	army	army	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 fled	nsubj
4	marched	march	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 army	acl
5	on	on	ADP	_	7 city	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 city	det
7	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 marched	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 fled	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 fled	cc
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 Romans	det
11	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	12 fled	nsubj
12	fled	flee	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 hills	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 hills	det
15	hills	hill	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 fled	obl
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 abandoned	cc
17	abandoned	abandon	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 fled	conj
18	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	19 homes	nmod:poss
19	homes	home	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 abandoned	obj
20	in	in	ADP	_	21 fear	case
21	fear	fear	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 abandoned	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	march	participle		the Etruscan army not said here	the city	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on city=Trajectory
2	flee	past	the Etruscan army		the hills	vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into hill=Initial_Location
3	abandon	past	the Etruscan army not said here	Romans's homes	fear	vn leave-51.2 «NP V NP.initial_location»: agent=Theme home=Source

Option 3

The army of Lars Porsena advanced toward the walls, and the Romans sent envoys to negotiate with the Etruscan king

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 army	det
2	army	army	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 advanced	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 Lars	case
4	Lars	Lars	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 army	nmod
5	Porsena	Porsena	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 Lars	flat
6	advanced	advance	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	toward	toward	ADP	_	9 walls	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 walls	det
9	walls	wall	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 advanced	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 sent	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 sent	cc
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Romans	det
13	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	14 sent	nsubj
14	sent	send	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 advanced	conj
15	envoys	envoy	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 sent	obj
16	to	to	PART	_	17 negotiate	mark
17	negotiate	negotiate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 sent	advcl
18	with	with	ADP	_	21 king	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 king	det
20	Etruscan	etruscan	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 king	amod
21	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 negotiate	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	advance	past	the army of Lars		the walls		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme toward wall=Initial_Location
2	send	past	the Romans	envoys			vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent envoy=Theme
3	negotiate	to-infinitive	the Romans not said here			with the Etruscan king	vn correspond-36.1 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.theme whether S»: agent=Agent with king=Co-Agent

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The army of Porsena, King of the Etruscans, advanced, and the Romans withdrew behind their walls and posted guards upon the roads

The tree, 22 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 army	det
2	army	army	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 advanced	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 Porsena	case
4	Porsena	Porsena	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 army	nmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 King	punct
6	King	King	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 advanced	nsubj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 Etruscans	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Etruscans	det
9	Etruscans	Etruscan	PROPN	Number=Plur	6 King	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 advanced	punct
11	advanced	advanced	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 withdrew	punct
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 withdrew	cc
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 Romans	det
15	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	16 withdrew	nsubj
16	withdrew	withdraw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 advanced	conj
17	behind	behind	ADP	_	19 walls	case
18	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	19 walls	nmod:poss
19	walls	wall	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 withdrew	obl
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 guards	cc
21	posted	posted	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 guards	amod
22	guards	guard	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 walls	conj
23	upon	upon	ADP	_	25 roads	case
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 roads	det
25	roads	road	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 withdrew	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	withdraw	past	the Romans			Romans's walls and posted guards		upon the roads	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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