Exam question 3 · Tales of Rome, Horatius at the Bridge: Horatius holds the…

What consequence did the destruction of the bridge produce for the defence of the city, as stated in the text?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: consequence · What happens: do, state, destroy, defend · To what, where: destruction, text, bridge produce, city

This is exam question 3 of lesson 352 «Tales of Rome, Horatius at the Bridge: Horatius holds the bridge alone and saves Rome from Porsena's army» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 did	obj
2	consequence	consequence	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 did	nsubj
3	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 destruction	det
5	destruction	destruction	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 did	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	9 produce	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 produce	det
8	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 produce	compound
9	produce	produce	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 destruction	nmod
10	for	for	ADP	_	12 defence	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 defence	det
12	defence	defence	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 did	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 city	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 city	det
15	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 defence	nmod
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 stated	punct
17	as	as	SCONJ	_	18 stated	mark
18	stated	state	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 did	conj
19	in	in	ADP	_	21 text	case
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 text	det
21	text	text	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 stated	obl
22	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 did	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	do	past	consequence	the destruction of the bridge produce		for the defence of the city	tree rules
2	state speech: other	participle	consequence not said here		the text		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
3	destroy			the bridge produce			nom destruction «act transitive»: of=patient
4	defend			the city			nom defence «process transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The bridge was saved

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bridge	det
2	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 saved	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 saved	aux:pass
4	saved	save	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	save	past · passive		the bridge					vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

The city was lost

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 city	det
2	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lost	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 lost	aux:pass
4	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lose	past · passive		the city					vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality

Option 3

Horatius believed the enemy would cross the river by boat at dawn

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Horatius	Horatius	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 believed	nsubj
2	believed	believe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 enemy	det
4	enemy	enemy	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cross	nsubj
5	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 cross	aux
6	cross	cross	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 believed	ccomp
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 river	det
8	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cross	obj
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 boat	case
10	boat	boat	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cross	obl
11	at	at	ADP	_	12 dawn	case
12	dawn	dawn	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cross	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	believe	past	Horatius						vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
2	cross	would	the enemy	the river			dawn	by boat	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent river=Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Horatius perceived that the city was safe once the bridge had fallen into the river

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Horatius	Horatius	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 perceived	nsubj
2	perceived	perceive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 safe	mark
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 city	det
5	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 safe	nsubj
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 safe	cop
7	safe	safe	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 perceived	advcl
8	once	once	SCONJ	_	12 fallen	mark
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 bridge	det
10	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 fallen	nsubj
11	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 fallen	aux
12	fallen	fall	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	2 perceived	advcl
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 river	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 river	det
15	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 fallen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	perceive	past	Horatius		vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
2	is	past	the city	safe property	tree rules
3	fall	past · perfect	the bridge	into the river result	vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into river=Result

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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