Exam question 4 · Greek Myths, The Labours of Heracles, part 50: Heracles sa…
Describe the manner in which Heracles gained the assistance of Helios for the crossing to the island of Erythia.
Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, Heracles · What happens: describe, gain, assist · To what, where: manner, assistance, Helios
This is exam question 4 of lesson 544 «Greek Myths, The Labours of Heracles, part 50: Heracles saves a maiden, wins the oxen and apples, and enters the Underworld» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Describe | describe | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 manner | det |
| 3 | manner | manner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Describe | obj |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 5 which | case |
| 5 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 7 gained | obl |
| 6 | Heracles | Heracles | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 gained | nsubj |
| 7 | gained | gain | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 manner | acl:relcl |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 assistance | det |
| 9 | assistance | assistance | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 gained | obj |
| 10 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 Helios | case |
| 11 | Helios | helio | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 assistance | nmod |
| 12 | for | for | ADP | _ | 14 crossing | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 crossing | det |
| 14 | crossing | crossing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 assistance | nmod |
| 15 | to | to | ADP | _ | 17 island | case |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 island | det |
| 17 | island | island | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 crossing | nmod |
| 18 | of | of | ADP | _ | 19 Erythia | case |
| 19 | Erythia | Erythia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 island | nmod |
| 20 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Describe | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | describe | imperative | you not said here | the manner | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent manner=Theme | ||||
| 2 | gain | past | Heracles | the assistance of Helios | the manner | for the crossing to the island of Erythia | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent assistance=Theme for crossing=Source | ||
| 3 | assist | Helios | for the crossing to the island of Erythia | nom assistance «act transitive»: of=patient for=obl |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The options
Option 1
Helios, moved by the hero's courage, lent him a golden cup in which he sailed by night.
The tree, 18 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helios | helio | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 lent | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 moved | punct |
| 3 | moved | move | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 1 Helios | acl |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 courage | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 hero | det |
| 6 | hero | hero | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 courage | nmod:poss |
| 7 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 6 hero | case |
| 8 | courage | courage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 moved | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Helios | punct |
| 10 | lent | lend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 11 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 lent | obj |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 cup | det |
| 13 | golden | golden | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 cup | amod |
| 14 | cup | cup | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 lent | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 which | case |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 sailed | obl |
| 17 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 sailed | nsubj |
| 18 | sailed | sail | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 cup | acl:relcl |
| 19 | by | by | ADP | _ | 20 night | case |
| 20 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 sailed | obl |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 lent | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | move | participle | Helios not said here | by the hero's courage | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme by courage=Trajectory | ||||
| 2 | lend | past | Helios | a golden cup | him = he | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient cup=Theme | |||
| 3 | sail | past | he | a golden cup | night | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |
Option 2 · ← Mova's choice
Helios, admiring the hero's daring and his bow, lent him the golden boat in which he made his nightly voyage across the sea.
The tree, 24 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helios | helio | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 lent | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 admiring | punct |
| 3 | admiring | admire | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 1 Helios | acl |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 hero | det |
| 5 | hero | hero | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 daring | nmod:poss |
| 6 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 5 hero | case |
| 7 | daring | daring | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 admiring | obj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 bow | cc |
| 9 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 10 bow | nmod:poss |
| 10 | bow | bow | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 daring | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Helios | punct |
| 12 | lent | lend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 13 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 lent | obj |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 boat | det |
| 15 | golden | golden | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 boat | amod |
| 16 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 lent | obj |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 18 which | case |
| 18 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 made | obl |
| 19 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 made | nsubj |
| 20 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 16 boat | acl:relcl |
| 21 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 voyage | nmod:poss |
| 22 | nightly | nightly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 voyage | amod |
| 23 | voyage | voyage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 made | obj |
| 24 | across | across | ADP | _ | 26 sea | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 sea | det |
| 26 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 made | obl |
| 27 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 lent | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | admire | gerund | Helios not said here | the hero's daring and his bow | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer daring=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | lend | past | Helios | the golden boat | him = he | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient boat=Theme | |||
| 3 | make | past | he | his nightly voyage | the golden boat | across the sea | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voyage=Product | ||
| 4 | dare | the hero | nom daring «communication transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 5 | voyage | his = he | nom voyage «act transitive»: poss=agent |
Option 3
Helios, struck by the hero's bold threats, lent him the golden boat for a swift nocturnal crossing to the shores of Erythia.
The tree, 23 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helios | helio | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 lent | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 struck | punct |
| 3 | struck | strike | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 1 Helios | acl |
| 4 | by | by | ADP | _ | 9 threats | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 hero | det |
| 6 | hero | hero | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 threats | nmod:poss |
| 7 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 6 hero | case |
| 8 | bold | bold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 threats | amod |
| 9 | threats | threat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 struck | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Helios | punct |
| 11 | lent | lend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 12 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 lent | obj |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 boat | det |
| 14 | golden | golden | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 boat | amod |
| 15 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 lent | obj |
| 16 | for | for | ADP | _ | 20 crossing | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 crossing | det |
| 18 | swift | swift | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 crossing | amod |
| 19 | nocturnal | nocturnal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 crossing | amod |
| 20 | crossing | crossing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 lent | obl |
| 21 | to | to | ADP | _ | 23 shores | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 shores | det |
| 23 | shores | shore | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 lent | obl |
| 24 | of | of | ADP | _ | 25 Erythia | case |
| 25 | Erythia | Erythia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 23 shores | nmod |
| 26 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 11 lent | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | strike | participle | Helios not said here | by the hero's bold threats | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by threat=Location | ||||
| 2 | lend | past | Helios | the golden boat | him = he | for a swift nocturnal crossing; to the shores of Erythia | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient boat=Theme |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
Helios, admiring the hero's daring, lent him the golden boat in which he made his nocturnal transit.
The tree, 18 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helios | helio | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 lent | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 admiring | punct |
| 3 | admiring | admire | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 1 Helios | acl |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 hero | det |
| 5 | hero | hero | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 daring | nmod:poss |
| 6 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 5 hero | case |
| 7 | daring | daring | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 admiring | obj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Helios | punct |
| 9 | lent | lend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | him | he | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 lent | obj |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 13 boat | det |
| 12 | golden | golden | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 boat | amod |
| 13 | boat | boat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 lent | obj |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 which | case |
| 15 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 17 made | obl |
| 16 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 made | nsubj |
| 17 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 boat | acl:relcl |
| 18 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 transit | nmod:poss |
| 19 | nocturnal | nocturnal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 transit | amod |
| 20 | transit | transit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 made | obj |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 lent | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | admire | gerund | Helios not said here | the hero's daring | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer daring=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | lend | past | Helios | the golden boat | him = he | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient boat=Theme | |||
| 3 | make | past | he | his nocturnal transit | the golden boat | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent transit=Product | |||
| 4 | dare | the hero | nom daring «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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