Test 1 · ★ · The Wind in the Willows, chapter IX, part 2: Wayfarers All…

«Swallows are just nesh, innit, they can't hack a bit of cold.» (nesh = feeling the cold easily) What's the real reason?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Swallows, nesh · What happens: be, not hack, feel · To what, where: bit, cold, real reason

This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 57 «The Wind in the Willows, chapter IX, part 2: Wayfarers All (the swallows and the call of the South)» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: «Swallows are just nesh, innit, they can't hack a bit of cold.»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	5 nesh	punct
2	Swallows	swallow	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 nesh	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 nesh	cop
4	just	just	ADV	_	5 nesh	advmod
5	nesh	nesh	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 innit	punct
7	innit	innit	INTJ	_	5 nesh	discourse
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 hack	punct
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 hack	nsubj
10	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 hack	aux
11	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 hack	advmod
12	hack	hack	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 nesh	conj
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 bit	det
14	bit	bit	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 hack	obj
15	of	of	ADP	_	16 cold	case
16	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 bit	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 nesh	punct
18	»	»	PUNCT	_	5 nesh	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is in a quote	present	Swallows					nesh property	tree rules
2	not hack in a quote	can	Swallows = swallow	a bit of cold					vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bit=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: (nesh = feeling the cold easily) What's the real reason?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 nesh	punct
2	nesh	nesh	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	=	=	SYM	_	4 feeling	punct
4	feeling	feel	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 nesh	acl
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 cold	det
6	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 feeling	obj
7	easily	easily	ADV	_	6 cold	advmod
8	)	)	PUNCT	_	6 cold	punct
9	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	13 reason	nsubj
10	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 reason	cop
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 reason	det
12	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 reason	amod
13	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 feeling	acl:relcl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 nesh	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	feel	gerund	nesh not said here	the cold					vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cold=Theme
2	is a	present		the real reason					tree rules

The options

Option 1

The cold shrinks their feathers and blood

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 cold	det
2	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 shrinks	nsubj
3	shrinks	shrink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 feathers	nmod:poss
5	feathers	feather	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 shrinks	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 blood	cc
7	blood	blood	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 feathers	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shrink	present	the cold	their feathers and blood					vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent feather=Patient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

In winter there are almost no flying insects to eat, so the swallows leave every year before the frost

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 winter	case
2	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 are	obl
3	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	4 are	expl
4	are	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	almost	almost	ADV	_	8 insects	advmod
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	8 insects	det
7	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 insects	amod
8	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 are	nsubj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 eat	mark
10	eat	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 insects	acl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 leave	punct
12	so	so	ADV	_	15 leave	advmod
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 swallows	det
14	swallows	swallow	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 leave	nsubj
15	leave	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 are	conj
16	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	17 year	det
17	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 leave	obl:unmarked
18	before	before	ADP	_	20 frost	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 frost	det
20	frost	frost	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 leave	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	when	roles by
1	does	present	no flying insects	there	winter	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	fly	gerund				vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	eat	to-infinitive	no flying insects not said here			vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	leave	present	the swallows	the frost	year	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent before frost=Location

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

In winter there are almost no flying insects to eat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 winter	case
2	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 are	obl
3	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	4 are	expl
4	are	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	almost	almost	ADV	_	8 insects	advmod
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	8 insects	det
7	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 insects	amod
8	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 are	nsubj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 eat	mark
10	eat	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 insects	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	when	roles by
1	does	present	no flying insects	there	winter	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	fly	gerund				vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	eat	to-infinitive	no flying insects not said here			vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

In winter there are almost no flying insects to eat, and their small bodies need warm air to fly

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 winter	case
2	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 are	obl
3	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	4 are	expl
4	are	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	almost	almost	ADV	_	8 insects	advmod
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	8 insects	det
7	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 insects	amod
8	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 are	nsubj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 eat	mark
10	eat	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 insects	acl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 need	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 need	cc
13	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 bodies	nmod:poss
14	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 bodies	amod
15	bodies	body	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 need	nsubj
16	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 are	parataxis
17	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 air	amod
18	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 need	obj
19	to	to	PART	_	20 fly	mark
20	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	16 need	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	does	present	no flying insects		there	winter	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	fly	gerund					vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	eat	to-infinitive	no flying insects not said here				vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	need	present	insects's small bodies	warm air			vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot air=Theme
5	fly	to-infinitive	insects's small bodies not said here				vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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