Exam question 3 · Folk Tales, The Lazy Youth and the King's Herdsman, part 4…

Which of the following identifies the figure of speech used when the herdsman's bells are described as ringing softly from above?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, be, use, describe, ring · To what, where: speech, bells

This is exam question 3 of lesson 703 «Folk Tales, The Lazy Youth and the King's Herdsman, part 43: the youth hides the pigs and sheep and tricks the herdsman» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 figure	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	7 figure	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 figure	det
4	following	follow	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 figure	case
5	identifies	identify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 figure	cop
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 figure	det
7	figure	figure	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 speech	case
9	speech	speech	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 figure	nmod
10	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 speech	acl
11	when	when	SCONJ	_	17 described	mark
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 herdsman	det
13	herdsman	herdsman	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 bells	nmod:poss
14	's	's	PART	_	13 herdsman	case
15	bells	bell	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 described	nsubj:pass
16	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 described	aux:pass
17	described	describe	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 used	advcl
18	as	as	SCONJ	_	19 ringing	mark
19	ringing	ring	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	17 described	advcl
20	softly	softly	ADV	_	19 ringing	advmod
21	from	from	ADP	_	22 above	case
22	above	above	ADV	_	19 ringing	obl
23	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 figure	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	present		of the figure; of speech	tree rules
3	use	participle	speech not said here		vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	describe	present · passive	the herdsman's bells		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Theme
5	ring	gerund		softly property	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Simile comparing bells to birds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Simile	simile	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	comparing	compare	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Simile	acl
3	bells	bell	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 comparing	obj
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 birds	case
5	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 comparing	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	compare	gerund	Simile not said here	bells				to birds	vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bell=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Imagery that evokes sound from an unseen source

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Imagery	imagery	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	3 evokes	nsubj
3	evokes	evoke	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Imagery	acl:relcl
4	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 evokes	obj
5	from	from	ADP	_	8 source	case
6	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 source	det
7	unseen	unseen	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 source	amod
8	source	source	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 evokes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	evoke	present	Imagery	sound		a unseen source			tree rules

Option 3

Imagery that evokes sound from an unseen source, placed above the speaker's head on the rock

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Imagery	imagery	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	3 evokes	nsubj
3	evokes	evoke	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Imagery	acl:relcl
4	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 evokes	obj
5	from	from	ADP	_	8 source	case
6	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 source	det
7	unseen	unseen	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 source	amod
8	source	source	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 evokes	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 placed	punct
10	placed	place	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 source	acl
11	above	above	ADP	_	15 head	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 speaker	det
13	speaker	speaker	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 head	nmod:poss
14	's	's	PART	_	13 speaker	case
15	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 placed	obl
16	on	on	ADP	_	18 rock	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 rock	det
18	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 head	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	evoke	present	Imagery	sound		a unseen source			tree rules
2	place	participle		a unseen source not said here		the speaker's head on the rock			vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent above head=Destination

Option 4

Metaphor that compares the herdsman to a ringing bell

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Metaphor	metaphor	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	3 compares	nsubj
3	compares	compare	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Metaphor	acl:relcl
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 herdsman	det
5	herdsman	herdsman	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 compares	obj
6	to	to	ADP	_	9 bell	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 bell	det
8	ringing	ringing	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 bell	compound
9	bell	bell	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 compares	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	compare	present	Metaphor	the herdsman				to a ringing bell	vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent herdsman=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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