Exam question 3 · Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2:…

Which of the following statements is consistent with the established facts concerning the armour of real armadillos?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: established facts · What happens: follow, be, establish, concern · To what, where: armour

This is exam question 3 of lesson 83 «Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2: swimming lessons, curling lessons, and a new name» of the books course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 consistent	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 consistent	obl
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 consistent	cop
7	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	with	with	ADP	_	11 facts	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 facts	det
10	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 facts	amod
11	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 consistent	obl
12	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	11 facts	acl
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 armour	det
14	armour	armour	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 concerning	obj
15	of	of	ADP	_	17 armadillos	case
16	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 armadillos	amod
17	armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 armour	nmod
18	?	?	PUNCT	_	7 consistent	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	present			of the following statements; with the established facts; consistent property	tree rules
3	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
4	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the armour of real armadillos		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus armour=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It consists of small bony plates covered with tough skin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	6 plates	case
4	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 plates	amod
5	bony	bony	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 plates	amod
6	plates	plate	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 consists	obl
7	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 plates	acl
8	with	with	ADP	_	10 skin	case
9	tough	tough	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 skin	amod
10	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 covered	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	It					of small bony plates	tree rules
2	cover	participle		small bony plates not said here				with tough skin	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with skin=Theme

Option 2

It consists of large bony shells joined together over the head, back and tail, and is not covered by skin at all

The tree, 22 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	6 shells	case
4	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 shells	amod
5	bony	bony	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 shells	amod
6	shells	shell	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 consists	obl
7	joined	join	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 shells	acl
8	together	together	ADV	_	7 joined	advmod
9	over	over	ADP	_	11 head	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 head	det
11	head	head	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 joined	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 back	punct
13	back	back	ADV	_	7 joined	advmod
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 tail	cc
15	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 back	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 covered	punct
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 covered	cc
18	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 covered	aux:pass
19	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	20 covered	advmod
20	covered	cover	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 consists	conj
21	by	by	ADP	_	22 skin	case
22	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 covered	obl
23	at	at	ADP	_	24 all	case
24	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	20 covered	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	consist	present	It			of large bony shells	tree rules
2	join	participle		large bony shells not said here	the head	together property	vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
3	not cover	present · passive	skin		all		vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme

Option 3

It is a single hard shell fused onto the spine

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 shell	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 shell	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 shell	det
4	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 shell	amod
5	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 shell	amod
6	shell	shell	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	fused	fuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 shell	acl
8	onto	onto	ADP	_	10 spine	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 spine	det
10	spine	spine	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 fused	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	a single hard shell					tree rules
2	fuse	participle		a single hard shell not said here		the spine			vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

It is formed from thick shell plates which grow back every year when the animal sheds them in the spring season

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 formed	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 formed	aux:pass
3	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	7 plates	case
5	thick	thick	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 plates	amod
6	shell	shell	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 plates	compound
7	plates	plate	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 formed	obl
8	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 grow	nsubj
9	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 plates	acl:relcl
10	back	back	ADV	_	9 grow	advmod
11	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	12 year	det
12	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 grow	obl:unmarked
13	when	when	SCONJ	_	16 sheds	mark
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 animal	det
15	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 sheds	nsubj
16	sheds	shed	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 grow	advcl
17	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 sheds	obj
18	in	in	ADP	_	21 season	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 season	det
20	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 season	compound
21	season	season	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 sheds	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	form	present · passive		It	thick shell plates		vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.material»: subject=Result from plate=Material
2	grow back	present	thick shell plates			year	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	shed	present	the animal	plates = plate		season	vn substance_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location they=Source

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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