Test 17 · ★ · Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2:…

★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.» What is wrong with that thinking?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: ★, armadillos · What happens: say, look, come, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 17 · ★ of lesson 83 «Just So Stories, The Beginning of the Armadillos, part 2: swimming lessons, curling lessons, and a new name» of the books course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: ★★★ A friend says: «armadillos look like hedgehog plus tortoise, so they must come from them.»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	★	★	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 says	nsubj
2	★	★	X	Foreign=Yes	1 ★	dep
3	★	★	ADP	_	5 friend	case
4	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 friend	det
5	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 ★	nmod
6	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 look	punct
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 look	punct
9	armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 look	nsubj
10	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 says	ccomp
11	like	like	ADP	_	12 hedgehog	case
12	hedgehog	hedgehog	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 look	obl
13	plus	plus	CCONJ	_	14 tortoise	cc
14	tortoise	tortoise	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 hedgehog	conj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 come	punct
16	so	so	ADV	_	19 come	advmod
17	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 come	nsubj
18	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	19 come	aux
19	come	come	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 look	conj
20	from	from	ADP	_	21 them	case
21	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 come	obl
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 says	punct
23	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	★ ★ a friend		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	look in a quote	present	armadillos	like hedgehog plus tortoise	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
3	come in a quote	must	armadillos = armadillo	from hedgehog	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from they=Initial_Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is wrong with that thinking?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 wrong	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 thinking	case
5	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 thinking	det
6	thinking	thinking	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 wrong	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						with that thinking; wrong property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Armadillos come from hedgehogs, since they are both small and both have prickly backs

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 come	nsubj
2	come	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 hedgehogs	case
4	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 come	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 small	punct
6	since	since	SCONJ	_	10 small	mark
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 small	nsubj
8	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 small	cop
9	both	both	ADV	_	10 small	advmod
10	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 come	conj
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 have	cc
12	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	13 have	nsubj
13	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 come	conj
14	prickly	prickly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 backs	amod
15	backs	back	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 have	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	come	present	Armadillos		from hedgehogs	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from hedgehog=Initial_Location
2	is	present	Armadillos = armadillo		both, small property	tree rules
3	have	present	both	prickly backs		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Looking alike does not prove two animals are related; armadillos are a separate family of mammals

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Looking	look	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 prove	csubj
2	alike	alike	ADV	_	1 Looking	advmod
3	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 prove	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 prove	advmod
5	prove	prove	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 animals	nummod
7	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 related	nsubj
8	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 related	cop
9	related	related	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 prove	ccomp
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	15 family	punct
11	armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 family	nsubj
12	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 family	cop
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 family	det
14	separate	separate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 family	amod
15	family	family	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 prove	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	17 mammals	case
17	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 family	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	look	gerund			alike property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
2	not prove	present · do-support	Looking			vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
3	is	present	two animals		related property	tree rules
4	is a	present	armadillos	a separate family	of mammals	tree rules

Option 3

It is true, they are cousins

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 cousins	punct
5	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 cousins	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 cousins	cop
7	cousins	cousin	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 true	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					true property	tree rules
2	is a	present	they	cousins					tree rules

Option 4

Armadillos are closely related to hedgehogs, since both have spines and bony plates

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Armadillos	armadillo	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 related	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 related	cop
3	closely	closely	ADV	_	4 related	advmod
4	related	related	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	6 hedgehogs	case
6	hedgehogs	hedgehog	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 related	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 have	punct
8	since	since	SCONJ	_	10 have	mark
9	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	10 have	nsubj
10	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 related	conj
11	spines	spine	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 have	obj
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 plates	cc
13	bony	bony	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 plates	amod
14	plates	plate	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 spines	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Armadillos					to hedgehogs; closely, related property	tree rules
2	have	present	both	spines and bony plates					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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