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Test 1 · Solids, liquids and gases

Your friend says: "Air is nothing, you can't push against it." What does the syringe show?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: friend, Air, you · What happens: say, be, not push, do · To what, where: nothing, syringe show · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 of lesson 4 «Solids, liquids and gases» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your friend says: "Air is nothing, you can't push against it."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 friend	nmod:poss
2	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 nothing	punct
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 nothing	punct
6	Air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 nothing	nsubj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 nothing	cop
8	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	3 says	ccomp
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 push	punct
10	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	13 push	nsubj
11	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 push	aux
12	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 push	advmod
13	push	push	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 nothing	parataxis
14	against	against	ADP	_	15 it	case
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 push	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 push	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 push	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your friend						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is a in a quote	present	Air	nothing					tree rules
3	not push in a quote	can	you					against Air	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent against it=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What does the syringe show?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	2 does	nsubj
2	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 show	det
4	syringe	syringe	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 show	compound
5	show	show	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 does	obj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 does	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	present		the syringe show					vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent show=Eventuality

The options

Option 1

Air is a liquid that cannot be squashed at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 liquid	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 liquid	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 liquid	det
4	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 squashed	nsubj:pass
6	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 squashed	aux
7	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 squashed	advmod
8	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 squashed	aux:pass
9	squashed	squash	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 liquid	acl:relcl
10	at	at	ADP	_	11 all	case
11	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	9 squashed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Air	a liquid					tree rules
2	not squash	can · passive		a liquid		all			vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: subject=Theme at all=Trajectory

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Air is a gas that pushes back when squashed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 gas	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 gas	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 gas	det
4	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 pushes	nsubj
6	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 gas	acl:relcl
7	back	back	ADV	_	6 pushes	advmod
8	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	9 squashed	advmod
9	squashed	squash	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 pushes	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Air	a gas					tree rules
2	push back	present	a gas						vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
3	squash	participle	a gas not said here						vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V together»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

Air only pushes back when it is wet

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 pushes	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 pushes	advmod
3	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	back	back	ADV	_	3 pushes	advmod
5	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	8 wet	advmod
6	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 wet	nsubj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 wet	cop
8	wet	wet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 pushes	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push back	present	Air						vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	Air					wet property	tree rules

Option 4

Air really is nothing at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 nothing	nsubj
2	really	really	ADV	_	4 nothing	advmod
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 nothing	cop
4	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	root	root
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 all	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 nothing	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Air	nothing		all			tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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