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Test 7 · ★ · Word classes: the jobs words do

In a cartoon, Captain Grammar says «every word is born a noun or a verb and stays that way for ever». What's true?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Captain · What happens: say, bear, stay, be · To what, where: cartoon, word, way · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 7 · ★ of lesson 27 «Word classes: the jobs words do» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a cartoon, Captain Grammar says «every word is born a noun or a verb and stays that way for ever».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 cartoon	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cartoon	det
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 says	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 cartoon	punct
5	Captain	Captain	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 says	nsubj
6	Grammar	Grammar	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 Captain	flat
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	12 born	punct
9	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	10 word	det
10	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 born	nsubj:pass
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 born	aux:pass
12	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 says	ccomp
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 noun	det
14	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 born	obj
15	or	or	CCONJ	_	17 verb	cc
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 verb	det
17	verb	verb	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 noun	conj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 stays	cc
19	stays	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 says	conj
20	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	21 way	det
21	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 stays	obj
22	for	for	ADP	_	23 ever	case
23	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	19 stays	obl
24	»	»	PUNCT	_	19 stays	punct
25	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Captain			a cartoon			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	bear in a quote	present · passive		every word					vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary noun=Patient
3	stay in a quote	present	Captain not said here	that way					vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme way=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Only nouns can change

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 nouns	advmod
2	nouns	noun	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 change	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 change	aux
4	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change	can	nouns						vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

A word's class depends on its job in the sentence

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 word	det
2	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 class	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 word	case
4	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 depends	nsubj
5	depends	depend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	on	on	ADP	_	8 job	case
7	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 job	nmod:poss
8	job	job	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 depends	obl
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 sentence	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 sentence	det
11	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 depends	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	depend	present	a word's class					in the sentence; on class's job	vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent on job=Theme
2	job		class						nom job «act intransitive»: poss=agent

Option 3

Every word has only one class for ever

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 word	det
2	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	5 one	advmod
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 class	nummod
6	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	obj
7	for	for	ADP	_	8 ever	case
8	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	3 has	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	every word	one class					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent class=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

Words have no classes, only spellings

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 classes	det
4	classes	class	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 spellings	punct
6	only	only	ADV	_	7 spellings	advmod
7	spellings	spelling	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 classes	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Words	no classes and spellings					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent class=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/27-word-classes-the-jobs-words-do/t7/