Test 7 · ★★ · Active and passive voice, modal verbs A gran in Cornwall: "Ee could've 'elped, my lover." ("My lover" is a friendly word there.) What does "could have helped" suggest?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: lover · What happens: elp, be, help, suggest · To what, where: Ee, friendly word · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 7 · ★★ of lesson 32 «Active and passive voice, modal verbs» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: A gran in Cornwall: "Ee could've 'elped, my lover."
det case nmod punct punct nsubj:pass aux aux punct conj punct nmod:poss obj punct punct root A DET gran NOUN in ADP Cornwall PROPN : PUNCT " PUNCT Ee NOUN could AUX 've AUX ' PUNCT elped VERB , PUNCT my PRON lover NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 gran det 2 gran gran NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 in in ADP _ 4 Cornwall case 4 Cornwall Cornwall PROPN Number=Sing 2 gran nmod 5 : : PUNCT _ 11 elped punct 6 " " PUNCT _ 7 Ee punct 7 Ee ee NOUN Number=Sing 11 elped nsubj:pass 8 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 elped aux 9 've have AUX VerbForm=Inf 11 elped aux 10 ' ' PUNCT _ 11 elped punct 11 elped elp VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 gran conj 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 lover punct 13 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 14 lover nmod:poss 14 lover lover NOUN Number=Sing 11 elped obj 15 . . PUNCT _ 14 lover punct 16 " " PUNCT _ 14 lover punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 elp in a quote could · perfect · passive Ee tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: ("My lover" is a friendly word there.)
punct punct nmod:poss nsubj punct cop det amod advmod punct punct root ( PUNCT " PUNCT My PRON lover NOUN " PUNCT is AUX a DET friendly ADJ word NOUN there ADV . PUNCT ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 9 word punct 2 " " PUNCT _ 4 lover punct 3 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 lover nmod:poss 4 lover lover NOUN Number=Sing 9 word nsubj 5 " " PUNCT _ 4 lover punct 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 word cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 word det 8 friendly friendly ADJ Degree=Pos 9 word amod 9 word word NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 there there ADV PronType=Dem 9 word advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 9 word punct 12 ) ) PUNCT _ 9 word punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present My lover a friendly word there tree rules
Sentence 3: What does "could have helped" suggest?
obj aux punct aux aux punct conj punct root What PRON does AUX " PUNCT could AUX have AUX helped VERB " PUNCT suggest VERB ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int 6 helped obj 2 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 helped aux 3 " " PUNCT _ 6 helped punct 4 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 helped aux 5 have have AUX VerbForm=Inf 6 helped aux 6 helped help VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 7 " " PUNCT _ 8 suggest punct 8 suggest suggest VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 helped conj 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 6 helped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help in a quote could · present · perfect · do-support vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Beneficiary 2 suggest speech: suggest infinitive vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice He definitely helped yesterday
nsubj advmod obl:unmarked root He PRON definitely ADV helped VERB yesterday NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 helped nsubj 2 definitely definitely ADV _ 3 helped advmod 3 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 yesterday yesterday NOUN Number=Sing 3 helped obl:unmarked
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help past He yesterday definitely property vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer He was able to help but didn't
nsubj cop mark xcomp cc conj advmod root He PRON was AUX able ADJ to PART help VERB but CCONJ did VERB n't PART The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 able nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 able cop 3 able able ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to PART _ 5 help mark 5 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 able xcomp 6 but but CCONJ _ 7 did cc 7 did do VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 help conj 8 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 7 did advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past He able property tree rules 2 help to-infinitive He not said here vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent 3 not do past He not said here vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Option 3 He is helping right now
nsubj aux advmod advmod root He PRON is AUX helping VERB right ADV now ADV The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 helping nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 helping aux 3 helping help VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 right right ADV _ 3 helping advmod 5 now now ADV PronType=Dem 3 helping advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present · progressive He now right property vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Option 4 He will help next week
nsubj aux amod obl:unmarked root He PRON will AUX help VERB next ADJ week NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 help nsubj 2 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 help aux 3 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 next next ADJ Degree=Pos 5 week amod 5 week week NOUN Number=Sing 3 help obl:unmarked
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help future He week vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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