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Test 10 · ★ · Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together

A cousin from Sydney says "My report's got heaps of headings, mate." ("Heaps" means lots.) When are headings most useful?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: cousin, report, My, Heaps · What happens: say, get, report, mean, be · To what, where: heaps, lots, headings · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 10 · ★ of lesson 37 «Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together» of the English course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A cousin from Sydney says "My report's got heaps of headings, mate."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 cousin	det
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 says	nsubj
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 Sydney	case
4	Sydney	Sydney	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 cousin	nmod
5	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 got	punct
7	My	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 report	nmod:poss
8	report	report	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 got	nsubj
9	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 got	aux
10	got	get	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	5 says	ccomp
11	heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 got	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 headings	case
13	headings	heading	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 heaps	nmod
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 mate	punct
15	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 heaps	conj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 got	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 got	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a cousin from Sydney						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	get in a quote	present · passive	My report	heaps of headings and mate					vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer heap=Stimulus
3	report in a quote		My						nom report «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: ("Heaps" means lots.)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct
2	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 Heaps	punct
3	Heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 means	nsubj
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 Heaps	punct
5	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	lots	lot	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 means	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct
8	)	)	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Heaps	lots					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Topic

Sentence 3: When are headings most useful?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	When	when	ADV	PronType=Int	3 headings	advmod
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 headings	cop
3	headings	heading	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 useful	nsubj
4	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	5 useful	advmod
5	useful	useful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 useful	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		headings					tree rules

The options

Option 1

Only at the end, as a summary of everything

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	4 end	advmod
2	at	at	ADP	_	4 end	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 end	det
4	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 summary	punct
6	as	as	ADP	_	8 summary	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 summary	det
8	summary	summary	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 end	appos
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 everything	case
10	everything	everything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	8 summary	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

In information texts, to sort facts by topic

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 texts	case
2	information	information	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 texts	compound
3	texts	text	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 sort	punct
5	to	to	PART	_	6 sort	mark
6	sort	sort	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 texts	conj
7	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 sort	obj
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 topic	case
9	topic	topic	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sort	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sort	to-infinitive		facts				by topic	vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fact=Theme

Option 3

Only in poems, above each verse

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	3 poems	advmod
2	in	in	ADP	_	3 poems	case
3	poems	poem	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 verse	punct
5	above	above	ADP	_	7 verse	case
6	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	7 verse	det
7	verse	verse	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 poems	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

In every line of a story, to make it look neat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 line	case
2	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	3 line	det
3	line	line	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 make	obl
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 story	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 story	det
6	story	story	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 line	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 make	punct
8	to	to	PART	_	9 make	mark
9	make	make	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 make	obj
11	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 make	xcomp
12	neat	neat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 look	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	to-infinitive		story		every line of a story			tree rules
2	look	infinitive	story not said here					neat property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/37-paragraphs-and-cohesion-holding-a-text-together/t10/