Exam question 3 · Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the spelling of the regular past tense.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, spell · To what, where: response, spelling, regular past tense

This is exam question 3 of lesson 7 «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the English course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 spelling	det
11	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	16 tense	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 tense	det
14	regular	regular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 tense	amod
15	past	past	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 tense	amod
16	tense	tense	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 spelling	nmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the spelling of the regular past tense		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus spelling=Experiencer
4	spell			the regular past tense		nom spelling «communication transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It is spelled -ed in Britain and -t in the United States

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 ed	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 ed	cop
3	spelled	spell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 ed	amod
4	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 ed	punct
5	ed	ed	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 Britain	case
7	Britain	Britain	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 ed	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 t	cc
9	-	-	PUNCT	_	8 and	punct
10	t	t	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 ed	conj
11	in	in	ADP	_	14 States	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 States	det
13	United	United	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 States	amod
14	States	State	PROPN	Number=Plur	10 t	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spell	participle							vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	It	spelled ed and t in the United States		Britain			tree rules

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

It is spelled according to its pronunciation in each word, as -t, -d or -id, as the speaker hears it

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 spelled	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 spelled	aux:pass
3	spelled	spell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 pronunciation	case
5	to	to	ADP	_	4 according	fixed
6	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 pronunciation	nmod:poss
7	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 spelled	obl
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 word	case
9	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	10 word	det
10	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pronunciation	nmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 t	punct
12	as	as	ADP	_	14 t	case
13	-	-	PUNCT	_	12 as	punct
14	t	t	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 spelled	obl
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 d	punct
16	-	-	PUNCT	_	17 d	punct
17	d	D	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 t	conj
18	or	or	CCONJ	_	20 id	cc
19	-	-	PUNCT	_	18 or	punct
20	id	id	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 d	conj
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	25 hears	punct
22	as	as	SCONJ	_	25 hears	mark
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 speaker	det
24	speaker	speaker	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 hears	nsubj
25	hears	hear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 spelled	conj
26	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	25 hears	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	spell	present · passive		It		accord its pronunciation in each word; as t and d or id	vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: subject=Theme
2	accord	gerund					vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent
3	hear	present	the speaker	id			vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus
4	pronounce		its = it		each word		nom pronunciation «communication transitive»: poss=agent in=place

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It is invariably spelled -ed, notwithstanding its pronunciation as /t/, /d/ or /id/

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 ed	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 ed	cop
3	invariably	invariably	ADV	_	6 ed	advmod
4	spelled	spell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 ed	amod
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 ed	punct
6	ed	ed	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 notwithstanding	punct
8	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 ed	acl
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 pronunciation	nmod:poss
10	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 notwithstanding	obj
11	as	as	ADP	_	13 t	case
12	/	/	PUNCT	_	11 as	punct
13	t	t	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 notwithstanding	obl
14	/	/	PUNCT	_	13 t	punct
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 d	punct
16	/	/	PUNCT	_	17 d	punct
17	d	D	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ed	conj
18	/	/	SYM	_	19 or	cc
19	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 id	cc
20	/	/	PUNCT	_	19 or	punct
21	id	id	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ed	conj
22	/	/	PUNCT	_	6 ed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	spell	participle				vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	It	spelled ed and d or id	invariably property	tree rules
3	notwithstand	gerund	spelled ed and d or id not said here	its pronunciation	as t	tree rules
4	pronounce		its = it			nom pronunciation «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Option 4

It is spelled -ed only in verbs of a single syllable

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 spelled	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 spelled	aux:pass
3	spelled	spell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 ed	punct
5	ed	ed	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 spelled	obl
6	only	only	ADV	_	8 verbs	advmod
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 verbs	case
8	verbs	verb	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 spelled	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	12 syllable	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 syllable	det
11	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 syllable	amod
12	syllable	syllable	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 verbs	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spell	present · passive		It		verbs of a single syllable		ed obl	vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: subject=Theme in verb=Manner

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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