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Exam question 4 · Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e

It is given that a young child says «runned». Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the utterance?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: young child · What happens: give, say, runn, follow, characteris · To what, where: It, utterance · Speech: someone speaks here

This is exam question 4 of lesson 7 «Adding -ed and -ing: doubling and dropping e» of the English course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that a young child says «runned».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 says	mark
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 child	det
6	young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 child	amod
7	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 says	nsubj
8	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	advcl
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 runned	punct
10	runned	runn	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 says	ccomp
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	10 runned	punct
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	say speech: assert	present	a young child						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	runn in a quote	past							tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the utterance?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 utterance	det
10	utterance	utterance	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the utterance				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

The child is speaking a regional dialect of the United States

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 speaking	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 speaking	aux
4	speaking	speak	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 dialect	det
6	regional	regional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 dialect	amod
7	dialect	dialect	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 speaking	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	11 States	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 States	det
10	United	United	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 States	amod
11	States	State	PROPN	Number=Plur	7 dialect	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	speak speech: other	present · progressive	the child	a regional dialect of the United States					tree rules

Option 2

The child has failed to acquire any rule of the language

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 failed	nsubj
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 failed	aux
4	failed	fail	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 acquire	mark
6	acquire	acquire	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 failed	xcomp
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	8 rule	det
8	rule	rule	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 acquire	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 language	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 language	det
11	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 rule	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fail	present · perfect	the child						vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	not acquire	to-infinitive	the child not said here	any rule of the language					vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset rule=Theme
3	rule		the language						nom rule «cognition intransitive»: of=agent

Option 3

The child is employing the correct form of the past tense

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 employing	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 employing	aux
4	employing	employ	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 form	det
6	correct	correct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 form	amod
7	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 employing	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	11 tense	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 tense	det
10	past	past	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 tense	amod
11	tense	tense	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 form	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	employ	present · progressive	the child	the correct form of the past tense					vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent form=Theme
2	form			the past tense					nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The child has acquired the regular rule and is applying it to an irregular verb

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 child	det
2	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acquired	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 acquired	aux
4	acquired	acquire	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 rule	det
6	regular	regular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 rule	amod
7	rule	rule	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acquired	obj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 applying	cc
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 applying	aux
10	applying	apply	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 acquired	conj
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 applying	obj
12	to	to	ADP	_	15 verb	case
13	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 verb	det
14	irregular	irregular	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 verb	amod
15	verb	verb	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 applying	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	acquire	present · perfect · passive		the child					tree rules
2	apply	present · progressive		rule				to a irregular verb	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/english/7-adding-ed-and-ing-doubling-and-dropping-e/e4/