Exam question 2 · Street gangs and loyalty

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the practice of older youths bestowing gifts, praise and nicknames upon younger children?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: older youths · What happens: follow, characteris, bestow, practice · To what, where: practice, gifts, older youths

This is exam question 2 of lesson 383 «Street gangs and loyalty» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 practice	det
10	practice	practice	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 youths	case
12	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	13 youths	amod
13	youths	youth	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 practice	nmod
14	bestowing	bestow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	13 youths	acl
15	gifts	gift	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 bestowing	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 praise	punct
17	praise	praise	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 gifts	conj
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 nicknames	cc
19	nicknames	nickname	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 gifts	conj
20	upon	upon	ADP	_	22 children	case
21	younger	young	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	22 children	amod
22	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 bestowing	obl
23	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the practice of older youths	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	bestow	gerund	older youths not said here	gifts and praise and nicknames	upon younger children	tree rules
4	practice			older youths		nom practice «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

It constitutes disinterested kindness in all cases

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constitutes	nsubj
2	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	disinterested	disinterest	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 kindness	amod
4	kindness	kindness	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 constitutes	obj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 cases	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	7 cases	det
7	cases	case	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 constitutes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	It	disinterested kindness		all cases			vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme kindness=Pivot
2	disinterest	participle							tree rules

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

It is required by custom between neighbouring streets in a town

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 required	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 required	aux:pass
3	required	require	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 custom	case
5	custom	custom	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 required	obl
6	between	between	ADP	_	8 streets	case
7	neighbouring	neighbour	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 streets	amod
8	streets	street	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 required	obl:agent
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 town	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 town	det
11	town	town	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 required	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	require	present · passive	neighbouring streets	It		a town		by custom	vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Precondition
2	neighbour	gerund							tree rules

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It may constitute grooming intended to draw children into risky conduct

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 constitute	nsubj
2	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 constitute	aux
3	constitute	constitute	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	grooming	groom	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 constitute	xcomp
5	intended	intend	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 grooming	xcomp
6	to	to	PART	_	7 draw	mark
7	draw	draw	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 intended	xcomp
8	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 draw	obj
9	into	into	ADP	_	11 conduct	case
10	risky	risky	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 conduct	amod
11	conduct	conduct	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 draw	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	constitute	may	It			tree rules
2	groom	gerund				vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent clause=Attribute
3	intend	participle				vn intend-61.2-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	draw not said to happen	to-infinitive		children	into risky conduct result	vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent child=Patient into conduct=Result

Option 4

It is without significance to the welfare of the child

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 significance	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 significance	cop
3	without	without	ADP	_	4 significance	case
4	significance	significance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 welfare	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 welfare	det
7	welfare	welfare	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 significance	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 child	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 child	det
10	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 welfare	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					without significance; to the welfare of the child	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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