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Test 9 · ★★★ · Thinking cleverly about people

A boy says he did not cheat because he only looked at the answers «a little». What is the flaw in his thinking?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: boy, flaw · What happens: say, not cheat, look, be, think · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 9 · ★★★ of lesson 60 «Thinking cleverly about people» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A boy says he did not cheat because he only looked at the answers «a little».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 boy	det
2	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 cheat	nsubj
5	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 cheat	aux
6	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	7 cheat	advmod
7	cheat	cheat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 says	ccomp
8	because	because	SCONJ	_	11 looked	mark
9	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 looked	nsubj
10	only	only	ADV	_	11 looked	advmod
11	looked	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 cheat	advcl
12	at	at	ADP	_	14 answers	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 answers	det
14	answers	answer	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 looked	obl
15	«	«	PUNCT	_	17 little	punct
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 little	det
17	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 answers	amod
18	»	»	PUNCT	_	17 little	punct
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a boy						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	not cheat	past · do-support	boy						vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	look	past	boy					at the answers	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at answer=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is the flaw in his thinking?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 flaw	det
4	flaw	flaw	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 thinking	case
6	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 thinking	nmod:poss
7	thinking	thinking	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 flaw	nmod
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the flaw in boy's thinking						tree rules
2	think		boy						nom thinking «cognition transitive»: poss=agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It is fine if nobody else noticed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 fine	expl
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fine	cop
3	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	7 noticed	mark
5	nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	7 noticed	nsubj
6	else	else	ADV	_	5 nobody	advmod
7	noticed	notice	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 fine	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						fine property	tree rules
2	notice a condition, not said to happen	past	nobody						vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

Option 2

Cheating only counts if you copy every single answer

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cheating	cheating	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 counts	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 counts	advmod
3	counts	count	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	6 copy	mark
5	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	6 copy	nsubj
6	copy	copy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 counts	advcl
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 answer	det
8	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 answer	amod
9	answer	answer	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 copy	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	count	present	Cheating						vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus
2	copy a condition, not said to happen	present	you	every single answer					vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Any looking makes the result unfair to the others

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	2 looking	nsubj
2	looking	look	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 makes	csubj
3	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 result	det
5	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 makes	obj
6	unfair	unfair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 makes	xcomp
7	to	to	ADP	_	9 others	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 others	det
9	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 unfair	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look	gerund	Any						vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
2	make	present	looking	the result				unfair property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset result=Product

Option 4

Looking a little is allowed in every test

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Looking	look	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 allowed	csubj:pass
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 little	det
3	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Looking	obj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 allowed	aux:pass
5	allowed	allow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 test	case
7	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	8 test	det
8	test	test	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 allowed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look	gerund		a little					vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme little=Attribute
2	allow	present · passive	Looking			every test			vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V S_ING»

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/everyday/60-reasoning-about-people/t9/