Exam question 1 · Grandparents, divorce and step-families

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the cause of a divorce between parents?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, cause · To what, where: cause, divorce

This is exam question 1 of lesson 96 «Grandparents, divorce and step-families» of the everyday course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 cause	det
10	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 divorce	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 divorce	det
13	divorce	divorce	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 cause	nmod
14	between	between	ADP	_	15 parents	case
15	parents	parent	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 divorce	nmod
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the cause of a divorce between parents	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	cause		a divorce between parents		nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

A divorce is generally caused by the child's poor behaviour or poor marks at school

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 divorce	det
2	divorce	divorce	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 caused	aux:pass
4	generally	generally	ADV	_	5 caused	advmod
5	caused	cause	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	11 behaviour	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 child	det
8	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 behaviour	nmod:poss
9	's	's	PART	_	8 child	case
10	poor	poor	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 behaviour	amod
11	behaviour	behaviour	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 marks	cc
13	poor	poor	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 marks	amod
14	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 behaviour	conj
15	at	at	ADP	_	16 school	case
16	school	school	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 caused	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	present · passive	the child's poor behaviour or poor marks	a divorce		school		generally property	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient

Option 2

A divorce may be reversed if the child behaves exceptionally well thereafter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 divorce	det
2	divorce	divorce	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 reversed	nsubj:pass
3	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 reversed	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 reversed	aux:pass
5	reversed	reverse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	if	if	SCONJ	_	9 behaves	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 child	det
8	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 behaves	nsubj
9	behaves	behave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 reversed	advcl
10	exceptionally	exceptionally	ADV	_	9 behaves	advmod
11	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	12 thereafter	advmod
12	thereafter	thereafter	ADV	_	9 behaves	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	reverse	may · passive		a divorce					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient
2	behave a condition, not said to happen	present	the child					exceptionally, thereafter property	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A divorce is never the fault of the child, and both parents continue to love the child

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 divorce	det
2	divorce	divorce	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fault	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fault	cop
4	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	6 fault	advmod
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 fault	det
6	fault	fault	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 child	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 child	det
9	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 fault	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 continue	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 continue	cc
12	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	13 parents	det
13	parents	parent	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 continue	nsubj
14	continue	continue	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fault	conj
15	to	to	PART	_	16 love	mark
16	love	love	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	14 continue	xcomp
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 child	det
18	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 love	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	not is a	present	a divorce	the fault	of the child	tree rules
2	continue	present	both parents			vn continue-55.3 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
3	love	to-infinitive	both parents not said here	the child		vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer child=Stimulus

Option 4

A divorce indicates that at least one parent has ceased to love the child altogether

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 divorce	det
2	divorce	divorce	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 indicates	nsubj
3	indicates	indicate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	10 ceased	mark
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 least	case
6	least	least	ADJ	Degree=Sup	7 one	nmod
7	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 parent	nummod
8	parent	parent	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 ceased	nsubj:pass
9	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 ceased	aux
10	ceased	cease	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 indicates	ccomp
11	to	to	PART	_	12 love	mark
12	love	love	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 ceased	xcomp
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 child	det
14	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 love	obj
15	altogether	altogether	ADV	_	12 love	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	indicate	present	a divorce			vn indicate-78-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot clause=Topic
2	cease	present · perfect · passive		one parent		tree rules
3	love	to-infinitive		the child	altogether property	vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer child=Stimulus

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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