Test 2 · Food and farming around the world

Why did the Inca use llamas, not horses, to carry goods?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: Inca · What happens: use, carry · To what, where: llamas, goods

This is test 2 of lesson 26 «Food and farming around the world» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 use	advmod
2	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 use	aux
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 Inca	det
4	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 use	nsubj
5	use	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	llamas	llama	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 use	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 horses	punct
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 horses	advmod
9	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 llamas	conj
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 carry	punct
11	to	to	PART	_	12 carry	mark
12	carry	carry	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 use	conj
13	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	12 carry	obj
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 use	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past · do-support	the Inca	llamas and horses					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Patient
2	carry	to-infinitive	the Inca not said here	goods					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

There were no horses in the Americas before Europeans brought them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	There	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	2 were	expl
2	were	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 horses	det
4	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 were	nsubj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 Americas	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 Americas	det
7	Americas	AMERICAS	PROPN	Number=Plur	4 horses	nmod
8	before	before	SCONJ	_	10 brought	mark
9	Europeans	European	PROPN	Number=Plur	10 brought	nsubj
10	brought	bring	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 were	advcl
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 brought	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	be	past	no horses in the Americas			there			vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	bring	past	Europeans	horses = horse					vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Option 2

Llamas are much faster than horses

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Llamas	llama	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 faster	obl:unmarked
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 faster	cop
3	much	much	ADV	_	4 faster	advmod
4	faster	fast	ADV	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	than	than	ADP	_	6 horses	case
6	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 faster	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						than horses; Llamas obl:unmarked; fast property	tree rules

Option 3

Horses cannot walk on any mountain

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 walk	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 walk	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 walk	advmod
4	walk	walk	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	on	on	ADP	_	7 mountain	case
6	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	7 mountain	det
7	mountain	mountain	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 walk	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not walk	can	Horses			any mountain			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on mountain=Trajectory

Option 4

Horses were banned by the Inca king because he was afraid of them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 banned	nsubj:pass
2	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 banned	aux:pass
3	banned	ban	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	7 king	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 king	det
6	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 king	compound
7	king	king	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 banned	obl
8	because	because	SCONJ	_	11 afraid	mark
9	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 afraid	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 afraid	cop
11	afraid	afraid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 banned	advcl
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 them	case
13	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 afraid	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ban	past · passive	the Inca king	Horses					vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer subject=Theme
2	is	past	king					of Horses = horse; afraid property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/t2/