Exam question 1 · Volcanoes: how and where

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the distinction between magma and lava?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: distinction

This is exam question 1 of lesson 46 «Volcanoes: how and where» of the geography course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 distinction	det
10	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	between	between	ADP	_	12 magma	case
12	magma	magma	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 distinction	nmod
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 lava	cc
14	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 magma	conj
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the distinction				of the following statements; between magma and lava; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Magma denotes molten rock beneath the surface; lava denotes the same material once erupted

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	nsubj
2	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	molten	molten	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 rock	amod
4	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	obj
5	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	7 surface	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 surface	det
7	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	obl
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	10 denotes	punct
9	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 denotes	nsubj
10	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 denotes	conj
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 material	det
12	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 material	amod
13	material	material	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 denotes	obj
14	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	15 erupted	advmod
15	erupted	erupt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 denotes	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	denote	present	Magma	molten rock	beneath the surface	vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic
2	denote	present	lava	the same material		vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot material=Topic
3	erupt	past	lava not said here		once property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2

Magma denotes solid rock; lava denotes molten rock beneath the surface

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	nsubj
2	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 rock	amod
4	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	obj
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 denotes	punct
6	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	nsubj
7	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 denotes	conj
8	molten	molten	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 rock	amod
9	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	obj
10	beneath	beneath	ADP	_	12 surface	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 surface	det
12	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	denote	present	Magma	solid rock					vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic
2	denote	present	lava	molten rock				beneath the surface	vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot rock=Topic

Option 3

The terms are applied to rocks of wholly different chemical composition and origin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 terms	det
2	terms	term	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 applied	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 applied	aux:pass
4	applied	apply	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	6 rocks	case
6	rocks	rock	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 applied	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	11 composition	case
8	wholly	wholly	ADV	_	9 different	advmod
9	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 composition	amod
10	chemical	chemical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 composition	amod
11	composition	composition	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rocks	nmod
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 origin	cc
13	origin	origin	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 composition	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	apply	present · passive		the terms				to rocks of different chemical composition and origin	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 4

Magma denotes volcanic ash; lava denotes the gas emitted during an eruption

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Magma	Magma	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	nsubj
2	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 ash	amod
4	ash	ash	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 denotes	obj
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 denotes	punct
6	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	nsubj
7	denotes	denote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 denotes	conj
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 gas	det
9	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 denotes	obj
10	emitted	emit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 gas	acl
11	during	during	ADP	_	13 eruption	case
12	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 eruption	det
13	eruption	eruption	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 emitted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	denote	present	Magma	volcanic ash		vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot ash=Topic
2	denote	present	lava	the gas		vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot gas=Topic
3	emit	participle		the gas not said here	during a eruption	vn substance_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/geography/46-volcanoes-how-and-where/e1/