Test 11 · Ancient Greece: city-states, Athens and Sparta

Why could a narrow pass help a small army against a huge one?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: narrow pass · What happens: help · To what, where: small army

This is test 11 of lesson 11 «Ancient Greece: city-states, Athens and Sparta» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	6 help	advmod
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 help	aux
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 pass	det
4	narrow	narrow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 pass	amod
5	pass	pass	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 help	nsubj
6	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 army	det
8	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 army	amod
9	army	army	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 help	obj
10	against	against	ADP	_	13 one	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 one	det
12	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 one	amod
13	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 help	obl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	6 help	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	could	a narrow pass	a small army				against a huge one	vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent army=Beneficiary

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Only a few enemies can fight at once there

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	4 enemies	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 enemies	det
3	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 enemies	amod
4	enemies	enemy	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fight	nsubj
5	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 fight	aux
6	fight	fight	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	at	at	ADP	_	8 once	case
8	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	6 fight	obl
9	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	6 fight	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fight	can	a few enemies			there			vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Big armies cannot see in mountains

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 armies	amod
2	armies	army	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 see	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 see	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 see	advmod
5	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 mountains	case
7	mountains	mountain	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 see	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not see	can	Big armies			mountains			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Option 3

The pass was full of food

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 pass	det
2	pass	pass	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 full	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 full	cop
4	full	full	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 food	case
6	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 full	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the pass					of food; full property	tree rules

Option 4

Narrow passes are always uphill both ways for enemies

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Narrow	narrow	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 passes	compound
2	passes	pass	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 uphill	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 uphill	cop
4	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	5 uphill	advmod
5	uphill	uphill	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	7 ways	det
7	ways	way	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 uphill	obl:unmarked
8	for	for	ADP	_	9 enemies	case
9	enemies	enemy	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 uphill	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Narrow passes					for enemies; both ways obl:unmarked; always, uphill property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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