Exam question 3 · Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the foundation of Rome.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, foundation

This is exam question 3 of lesson 13 «Rome: from a town on seven hills to a republic» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 foundation	det
11	foundation	foundation	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 Rome	case
13	Rome	Rome	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 foundation	nmod
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the foundation of Rome		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus foundation=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The foundation by the twins is proven by documents

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 foundation	det
2	foundation	foundation	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 proven	nsubj:pass
3	by	by	ADP	_	5 twins	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 twins	det
5	twins	twin	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 foundation	nmod
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 proven	aux:pass
7	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 documents	case
9	documents	document	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 proven	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	present · passive	documents	the foundation by the twins					vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

The tale of Romulus and Remus is legend; the city arose from settlements upon hills by the Tiber

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 tale	det
2	tale	tale	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 legend	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 Romulus	case
4	Romulus	Romulus	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 tale	nmod
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 Remus	cc
6	Remus	Remus	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 Romulus	conj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 legend	cop
8	legend	legend	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	;	;	PUNCT	_	12 arose	punct
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 city	det
11	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 arose	nsubj
12	arose	arise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 legend	acl:relcl
13	from	from	ADP	_	14 settlements	case
14	settlements	settlement	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 arose	obl
15	upon	upon	ADP	_	16 hills	case
16	hills	hill	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 arose	obl
17	by	by	ADP	_	19 Tiber	case
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 Tiber	det
19	Tiber	Tiber	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 arose	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the tale of Romulus and Remus	legend			tree rules
2	arise	past	the city	legend not said here	settlements	upon hills; by the Tiber	vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location legend=Theme
3	tell		Romulus and Remus				nom tale «communication intransitive»: of=agent

Option 3

The city was founded in 1453

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 city	det
2	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 founded	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 founded	aux:pass
4	founded	found	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 1453	case
6	1453	1453	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 founded	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	found	past · passive		the city		1453			vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Option 4

The city was established by Carthage

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 city	det
2	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 established	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 established	aux:pass
4	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 Carthage	case
6	Carthage	Carthage	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 established	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive	Carthage	the city					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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