Exam question 2 · Rome: the empire, the legions and the roads

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the testudo?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: testudo

This is exam question 2 of lesson 14 «Rome: the empire, the legions and the roads» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 testudo	det
10	testudo	testudo	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the testudo				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A formation wherein shields were interlocked above and around the soldiers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 formation	det
2	formation	formation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	wherein	wherein	ADV	PronType=Int	6 interlocked	advmod
4	shields	shield	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 interlocked	nsubj
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 interlocked	aux:pass
6	interlocked	interlock	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 formation	acl:relcl
7	above	above	ADV	_	6 interlocked	advmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 soldiers	cc
9	around	around	ADP	_	11 soldiers	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 soldiers	det
11	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 interlocked	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	interlock	past · passive		shields				above, wherein property	vn amalgamate-22.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Option 2

A siege engine propelled by elephants

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 engine	det
2	siege	siege	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 engine	compound
3	engine	engine	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	propelled	propel	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 engine	acl
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 elephants	case
6	elephants	elephant	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 propelled	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	propel	participle		a siege engine not said here				by elephants	tree rules

Option 3

A type of short sword

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 type	det
2	type	type	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 sword	case
4	short	short	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 sword	amod
5	sword	sword	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 type	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	type			short sword					nom type «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

An aqueduct of three tiers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 aqueduct	det
2	aqueduct	aqueduct	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 tiers	case
4	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 tiers	nummod
5	tiers	tier	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 aqueduct	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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