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Test 2 · Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation

A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop. What is more accurate?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: friend, Gutenberg · What happens: say, invent, be · To what, where: printing · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 2 of lesson 25 «Printing, the Renaissance and the Reformation» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A friend says Gutenberg invented printing, full stop.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 friend	det
2	friend	friend	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	Gutenberg	Gutenberg	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 invented	nsubj
5	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
6	printing	printing	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 invented	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 stop	punct
8	full	full	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 stop	amod
9	stop	stop	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 printing	conj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a friend						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	invent	past	Gutenberg	printing and full stop					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent printing=Result

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is more accurate?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 accurate	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 accurate	cop
3	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	4 accurate	advmod
4	accurate	accurate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 accurate	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						accurate property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Nobody printed anything until 1900

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	2 printed	nsubj
2	printed	print	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 printed	obj
4	until	until	ADP	_	5 1900	case
5	1900	1900	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 printed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	print	past	Nobody	anything			until 1900		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent anything=Theme

Option 2

He invented printing, paper and ink all by himself in one single year

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 invented	nsubj
2	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	printing	print	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 invented	xcomp
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 paper	punct
5	paper	paper	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 printing	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 ink	cc
7	ink	ink	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 paper	conj
8	all	all	ADV	_	10 himself	advmod
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 himself	case
10	himself	himself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	2 invented	obl
11	in	in	ADP	_	14 year	case
12	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	14 year	nummod
13	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 year	amod
14	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 invented	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past	He				year	by himself = he	tree rules
2	print	gerund	He not said here	paper and ink					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent paper=Theme

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Printing was older in China and Korea; he built a movable-type press in Europe

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Printing	printing	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 older	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 older	cop
3	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 China	case
5	China	China	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 older	obl
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 Korea	cc
7	Korea	Korea	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 China	conj
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	10 built	punct
9	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 built	nsubj
10	built	build	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 older	conj
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 press	det
12	movable	movable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 type	amod
13	-	-	PUNCT	_	12 movable	punct
14	type	type	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 press	compound
15	press	press	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 built	obj
16	in	in	ADP	_	17 Europe	case
17	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 press	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	Printing			China and Korea		old property	tree rules
2	build	past	Korea	a type press		Europe			vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent press=Product

Option 4

Printing was invented by the Romans

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Printing	printing	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 invented	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 invented	aux:pass
3	invented	invent	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 Romans	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Romans	det
6	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 invented	obl:agent

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past · passive	the Romans	Printing					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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