Test 1 · ★ · Explorers: around Africa and Columbus

teacher in a cartoon says columbus proved the earth was round. fix it

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: teacher, columbus, earth · What happens: say, prove, be, fix · To what, where: earth · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 26 «Explorers: around Africa and Columbus» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 says	nsubj
2	in	in	ADP	_	4 cartoon	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 cartoon	det
4	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 teacher	nmod
5	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	columbus	columbus	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 proved	nsubj
7	proved	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 says	ccomp
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 earth	det
9	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 round	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 round	cop
11	round	round	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 proved	ccomp
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 says	punct
13	fix	fix	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 says	ccomp
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 fix	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	teacher in a cartoon			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	prove	past	columbus			vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
3	is	past	the earth		round property	tree rules
4	fix	infinitive		earth		vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent it=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

No, he proved it was flat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	4 proved	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 proved	punct
3	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 proved	nsubj
4	proved	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 flat	nsubj
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 flat	cop
7	flat	flat	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 proved	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	past	he						vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
2	is	past	it					flat property	tree rules

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Educated people already knew; he was wrong about its size

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Educated	educate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 people	amod
2	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 knew	nsubj
3	already	already	ADV	_	4 knew	advmod
4	knew	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	;	;	PUNCT	_	8 wrong	punct
6	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 wrong	nsubj
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 wrong	cop
8	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 knew	ccomp
9	about	about	ADP	_	11 size	case
10	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 size	nmod:poss
11	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 wrong	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	educate speech: other	participle			vn advise-37.9 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent
2	know	past	Educated people		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
3	is	past	he	about its size; wrong property	tree rules

Option 3

No, Magellan proved it was square, and Columbus agreed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	4 proved	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	Magellan	Magellan	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 proved	nsubj
4	proved	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 square	nsubj
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 square	cop
7	square	square	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 proved	ccomp
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 agreed	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 agreed	cc
10	Columbus	Columbus	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 agreed	nsubj
11	agreed	agree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 proved	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	prove	past	Magellan		vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent
2	is	past	it	square property	tree rules
3	agree speech: agree	past	Columbus		vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

Yes, he proved it in 1492

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	4 proved	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 proved	punct
3	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 proved	nsubj
4	proved	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 proved	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 1492	case
7	1492	1492	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 proved	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	past	he	it		1492			vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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