Exam question 2 · The Industrial Revolution

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the contribution of James Watt?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, contribute · To what, where: contribution, James

This is exam question 2 of lesson 30 «The Industrial Revolution» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 contribution	det
10	contribution	contribution	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 James	case
12	James	James	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 contribution	nmod
13	Watt	Watt	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 James	flat
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the contribution of James	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	contribute		James		nom contribution «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

He discovered electricity

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 discovered	nsubj
2	discovered	discover	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	electricity	electricity	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 discovered	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	discover	past	He	electricity					vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent electricity=Topic

Option 2

He constructed the first motor car

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constructed	nsubj
2	constructed	construct	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 car	det
4	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 car	amod
5	motor	motor	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 car	compound
6	car	car	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 constructed	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	construct	past	He	the first motor car					vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent car=Result

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

He substantially improved the existing steam engine

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 improved	nsubj
2	substantially	substantially	ADV	_	3 improved	advmod
3	improved	improve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 engine	det
5	existing	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 engine	amod
6	steam	steam	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 engine	compound
7	engine	engine	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 improved	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	improve	past	He	the existing steam engine				substantially property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent engine=Patient
2	exist	gerund							vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

He invented the first steam engine upon observing a kettle

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 invented	nsubj
2	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 engine	det
4	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 engine	amod
5	steam	steam	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 engine	compound
6	engine	engine	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 invented	obj
7	upon	upon	SCONJ	_	8 observing	mark
8	observing	observe	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 engine	acl
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 kettle	det
10	kettle	kettle	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 observing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past	He	the first steam engine					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent engine=Result
2	observe	gerund	the first steam engine not said here	a kettle					vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent kettle=Topic

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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