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Test 8 · ★★ · Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies

Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!» What would voting be like without it?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: grandad · What happens: invent, vote, be · To what, where: secret ballot

This is test 8 · ★★ of lesson 67 «Who decides: kings, councils, republics and democracies» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Kai's grandad: «we invented the secret ballot, mate!»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Kai	Kai	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 grandad	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Kai	case
3	grandad	grandad	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 invented	nsubj
4	:	:	PUNCT	_	3 grandad	punct
5	«	«	PUNCT	_	7 invented	punct
6	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 invented	nsubj
7	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ballot	det
9	secret	secret	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 ballot	amod
10	ballot	ballot	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 invented	obj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 mate	punct
12	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 ballot	conj
13	!	!	PUNCT	_	7 invented	punct
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	7 invented	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent in a quote	past	Kai's grandad	the secret ballot and mate					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ballot=Result

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What would voting be like without it?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 voting	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 voting	aux
3	voting	vote	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 it	cop
5	like	like	ADP	_	7 it	case
6	without	without	ADP	_	7 it	case
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 voting	obj
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 voting	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	vote	would							vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	is	infinitive						like mate	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Everyone would vote better, since they'd have to be brave

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	3 vote	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 vote	aux
3	vote	vote	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 vote	xcomp
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 have	punct
6	since	since	SCONJ	_	9 have	mark
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 have	nsubj
8	'd	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 have	aux
9	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 vote	parataxis
10	to	to	PART	_	12 brave	mark
11	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	12 brave	cop
12	brave	brave	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 have	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	vote	would	Everyone					good property	vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	have	would	they						vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	is	to-infinitive	they not said here					brave property	tree rules

Option 2

Voting would happen only once every hundred years

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Voting	voting	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 happen	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	aux
3	happen	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	7 hundred	advmod
5	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	7 hundred	advmod
6	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	7 hundred	det
7	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 years	nummod
8	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 happen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	happen	would	Voting				year		vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

People voted out loud and could be bullied or bribed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	People	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 voted	nsubj
2	voted	vote	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	out	out	ADV	_	2 voted	advmod
4	loud	loud	ADV	_	2 voted	advmod
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 bullied	cc
6	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 bullied	aux
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 bullied	aux:pass
8	bullied	bully	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 voted	conj
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 bribed	cc
10	bribed	bribe	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 bullied	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	vote out	past	People					loud, out property	vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	bully	could · passive	People not said here						vn captain-29.8-1 «NP V PP.beneficiary»
3	bribe	participle	People not said here						vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Nobody could ever vote, mate, because there'd be no paper

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	4 vote	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 vote	aux
3	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	4 vote	advmod
4	vote	vote	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 mate	punct
6	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 vote	vocative
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 be	punct
8	because	because	SCONJ	_	11 be	mark
9	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	11 be	expl
10	'd	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	11 be	aux
11	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 vote	advcl
12	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	13 paper	det
13	paper	paper	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 be	nsubj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	vote	could	Nobody				ever	mate vocative	vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/67-who-decides-kings-councils-republics-and-democracies/t8/