Exam question 2 · Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the window tax in England.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, window tax, England

This is exam question 2 of lesson 68 «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 tax	det
11	window	window	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 tax	compound
12	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 England	case
14	England	England	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 tax	nmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response		consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle					vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the window tax	England		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus tax=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It was introduced by the Romans and abolished by William the Conqueror

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 introduced	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 introduced	aux:pass
3	introduced	introduce	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	by	by	ADP	_	6 Romans	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Romans	det
6	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 introduced	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 abolished	cc
8	abolished	abolish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 introduced	conj
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 William	case
10	William	William	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 abolished	obl:agent
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 Conqueror	det
12	Conqueror	conqueror	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 abolished	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	introduce	past · passive	the Romans	It					vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
2	abolish	participle	the Romans not said here	the Conqueror					vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conqueror=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It was levied from 1696 to 1851 and led some owners to brick up windows

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 levied	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 levied	aux:pass
3	levied	levy	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 1696	case
5	1696	1696	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 levied	obl
6	to	to	ADP	_	7 1851	case
7	1851	1851	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	5 1696	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 led	cc
9	led	lead	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 levied	conj
10	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	11 owners	det
11	owners	owner	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 led	obj
12	to	to	PART	_	13 brick	mark
13	brick	brick	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 led	xcomp
14	up	up	ADP	_	3 levied	compound:prt
15	windows	window	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 levied	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	levy up	past · passive		It		1696 to 1851		windows obl	tree rules
2	lead	past		some owners					vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent owner=Theme

Option 3

It was a tax upon glass bottles and drinking vessels

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 tax	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 tax	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 tax	det
4	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	upon	upon	ADP	_	7 bottles	case
6	glass	glass	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 bottles	compound
7	bottles	bottle	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 tax	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 vessels	cc
9	drinking	drinking	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 vessels	compound
10	vessels	vessel	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 bottles	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	It	a tax				upon glass bottles and drinking vessels	tree rules

Option 4

It encouraged owners to add more windows to their houses

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 encouraged	nsubj
2	encouraged	encourage	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	owners	owner	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 encouraged	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 add	mark
5	add	add	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 encouraged	xcomp
6	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 windows	amod
7	windows	window	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 add	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 houses	case
9	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 houses	nmod:poss
10	houses	house	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 add	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	encourage	past	It	owners					vn advise-37.9 «NP V NP how S_INF»: agent=Agent owner=Recipient clause=Topic
2	add speech: assert not said to happen	to-infinitive	owners not said here	more windows				to windows's houses	vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent window=Patient to house=Co-Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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