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Test 9 · ★ · Ancient India: the Indus cities and the first kingdoms

Most towns in Europe 4,500 years ago had no drains. Which is true?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Most towns · What happens: have, be · To what, where: drains

This is test 9 · ★ of lesson 7 «Ancient India: the Indus cities and the first kingdoms» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Most towns in Europe 4,500 years ago had no drains.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 towns	amod
2	towns	town	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 had	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	4 Europe	case
4	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 towns	nmod
5	4,500	4,500	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 years	nummod
6	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 ago	obl:unmarked
7	ago	ago	ADV	_	8 had	advmod
8	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	10 drains	det
10	drains	drain	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 had	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	Most towns in Europe	no drains				ago property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drain=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which is true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	3 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Europe had much better drains than India did

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 had	nsubj
2	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	much	much	ADV	_	4 better	advmod
4	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 drains	amod
5	drains	drain	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 did	nsubj
6	than	than	ADP	_	7 India	case
7	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 drains	nmod
8	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 had	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	Europe						tree rules
2	do	past	better drains than India						vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2

The Indus cities had no houses

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cities	det
2	Indus	Indus	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 cities	compound
3	cities	city	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 had	nsubj
4	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	6 houses	det
6	houses	house	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 had	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	the Indus cities	no houses					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent house=Patient

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The Indus cities were far ahead in planning

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 cities	det
2	Indus	Indus	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 cities	compound
3	cities	city	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 ahead	nsubj
4	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 ahead	cop
5	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	6 ahead	advmod
6	ahead	ahead	ADV	_	root	root
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 planning	case
8	planning	planning	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 ahead	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the Indus cities			planning		ahead, far property	tree rules

Option 4

Nobody anywhere had houses then

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	3 had	nsubj
2	anywhere	anywhere	ADV	PronType=Ind	3 had	advmod
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	houses	house	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	obj
5	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 had	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	Nobody	houses			then	anywhere property	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent house=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/7-ancient-india-the-indus-cities-and-the-first-kingdoms/t9/