Test 8 · Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes
Josh has loads of Messi, Leo loads of Ronaldo. What happens if they swap?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Josh, loads · What happens: have, happen, swap · To what, where: loads
This is test 8 of lesson 70 «Trade: why people swap, and the great trade routes» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: Josh has loads of Messi, Leo loads of Ronaldo.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Josh | Josh | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 has | nsubj |
| 2 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | loads | load | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 has | obj |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 Messi | case |
| 5 | Messi | Messi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 loads | nmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 loads | punct |
| 7 | Leo | Leo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 loads | compound |
| 8 | loads | load | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 Messi | conj |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 Ronaldo | case |
| 10 | Ronaldo | Ronaldo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 loads | nmod |
| 11 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 has | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Josh | loads of Messi and Leo loads of Ronaldo | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What happens if they swap?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 2 happens | nsubj |
| 2 | happens | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 5 swap | mark |
| 4 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 swap | nsubj |
| 5 | swap | swap | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 happens | advcl |
| 6 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 2 happens | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | happen | present | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | swap a condition, not said to happen | present | loads = load | vn substitute-13.6.2 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme |
The options
Option 1
Both always lose
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | root | root |
| 2 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 3 lose | advmod |
| 3 | lose | lose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 1 Both | acl:relcl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | lose | present | always property | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
Option 2
Only Josh wins
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Only | only | ADV | _ | 3 wins | advmod |
| 2 | Josh | Josh | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 wins | nsubj |
| 3 | wins | win | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | win | present | Josh | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
Option 3 · ✓ the right answer
Both can end up happier
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Both | both | DET | PronType=Tot | 3 end | nsubj |
| 2 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 3 end | aux |
| 3 | end | end | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 4 | up | up | ADP | _ | 3 end | compound:prt |
| 5 | happier | happy | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 3 end | xcomp |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | end up | can | Both | happy property | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice
Only Leo wins
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Only | only | ADV | _ | 3 wins | advmod |
| 2 | Leo | Leo | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 wins | nsubj |
| 3 | wins | win | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | win | present | Leo | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/70-trade-why-people-swap-and-the-great-trade-routes/t8/