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Test 11 · ★★ · How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the al…

★★★ The Phoenicians had 22 letters. The Greeks added 5 new letters at the end and later dropped 3 old ones they did not need. How many letters has the Greek alphabet?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: ★, Greeks, letters, many letters · What happens: have, add, drop, not need · To what, where: 22 letters, 5 new letters, end, 3 old ones, Greek alphabet

This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 82 «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: ★★★ The Phoenicians had 22 letters.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	★	★	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 had	nsubj
2	★	★	X	Foreign=Yes	1 ★	dep
3	★	★	ADP	_	5 Phoenicians	case
4	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Phoenicians	det
5	Phoenicians	Phoenician	PROPN	Number=Plur	1 ★	nmod
6	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	22	22	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	8 letters	nummod
8	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 had	obj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 had	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	★ ★ the Phoenicians	22 letters					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: The Greeks added 5 new letters at the end and later dropped 3 old ones they did not need.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Greeks	det
2	Greeks	Greek	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 added	nsubj
3	added	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	5	5	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 letters	nummod
5	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 letters	amod
6	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 added	obj
7	at	at	ADP	_	9 end	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 end	det
9	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 added	obl
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 dropped	cc
11	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	12 dropped	advmod
12	dropped	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 added	conj
13	3	3	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	15 ones	nummod
14	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 ones	amod
15	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 dropped	obj
16	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 need	nsubj
17	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	19 need	aux
18	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	19 need	advmod
19	need	need	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 ones	acl:relcl
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 added	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	past	the Greeks	5 new letters			at the end		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Patient
2	drop	past	the Greeks not said here	3 old ones				late property	vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme
3	not need	past · do-support	letters = letter	3 old ones not said here					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot one=Theme

Sentence 3: How many letters has the Greek alphabet?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	2 many	advmod
2	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 letters	amod
3	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 has	nsubj
4	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 alphabet	det
6	Greek	Greek	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 alphabet	amod
7	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 has	obj
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	many letters	the Greek alphabet					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alphabet=Patient

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

22

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	22	22	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

24

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	24	24	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3

30

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	30	30	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

27

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	27	27	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/t11/