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Test 3 · ★★ · How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the al…

You draw an eye, a can and a sea to write «I can see». Which trick is that?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: You, I · What happens: draw, write, see, be · To what, where: eye, trick · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 3 · ★★ of lesson 82 «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: You draw an eye, a can and a sea to write «I can see».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	2 draw	nsubj
2	draw	draw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 eye	det
4	eye	eye	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 draw	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 sea	punct
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 sea	det
7	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 sea	aux
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 sea	cc
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 sea	det
10	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 draw	obl
11	to	to	PART	_	12 write	mark
12	write	write	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	10 sea	acl
13	«	«	PUNCT	_	16 see	punct
14	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	16 see	nsubj
15	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 see	aux
16	see	see	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	12 write	ccomp
17	»	»	PUNCT	_	16 see	punct
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 draw	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	present	You	a eye				a sea obl	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Theme
2	write	to-infinitive	You not said here						vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	see in a quote	can	I						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which trick is that?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	DET	PronType=Int	2 trick	det
2	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 trick	cop
4	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 trick	nmod
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 trick	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		which trick				that nmod	tree rules

The options

Option 1

The alphabet trick of one letter per sound

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 trick	det
2	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 trick	compound
3	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 letter	case
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 letter	nummod
6	letter	letter	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 trick	nmod
7	per	per	ADP	_	8 sound	case
8	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 letter	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	trick			one letter per sound					nom trick «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

The cave trick of drawing what you saw

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 trick	det
2	cave	cave	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 trick	compound
3	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	SCONJ	_	5 drawing	mark
5	drawing	draw	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 trick	acl
6	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	5 drawing	obj
7	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 saw	nsubj
8	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 what	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	gerund	the cave trick not said here	the cave trick					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme
2	see	past	you						vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Option 3

The tally trick of counting with marks

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 trick	det
2	tally	tally	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 trick	compound
3	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	SCONJ	_	5 counting	mark
5	counting	count	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 trick	acl
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 marks	case
7	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 counting	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	count	gerund	the tally trick not said here					with marks	vn matter-91 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The rebus trick of pictures for sounds

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 trick	det
2	rebus	rebus	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 trick	compound
3	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 pictures	case
5	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 trick	nmod
6	for	for	ADP	_	7 sounds	case
7	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 trick	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	trick			pictures				for sounds	nom trick «act transitive»: of=patient for=obl

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/t3/