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Test 4 · ★★★ · Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★

★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.» What's missing?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: ★ ★ ★, Spanish, they · What happens: reckon, win, be · To what, where: America

This is test 4 · ★★★ of lesson 86 «Olympiad: cause and effect chains ★★★» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: ★★★ Ethan reckons: «The Spanish won in America just coz they were way stronger, period.»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	★	★	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 ★	compound
2	★	★	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ★	compound
3	★	★	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 reckons	nsubj
4	Ethan	Ethan	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 reckons	nsubj
5	reckons	reckon	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	5 reckons	punct
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 won	punct
8	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Spanish	det
9	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 won	nsubj
10	won	win	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 reckons	conj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 America	case
12	America	America	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 won	obl
13	just	just	ADV	_	17 way	advmod
14	coz	because	ADP	_	17 way	case
15	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 way	nsubj
16	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 way	cop
17	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 won	obl
18	stronger	strong	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	10 won	xcomp
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 period	punct
20	period	period	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 stronger	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 reckons	punct
22	»	»	PUNCT	_	5 reckons	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	reckon	present	★ ★ ★						vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent
2	win in a quote	past	the Spanish			America		strong property	vn succeed-74-2 «NP V PP.eventuality S_ING»: agent=Agent in america=Eventuality
3	is in a quote	past	they					because way	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's missing?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 missing	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 missing	cop
3	missing	missing	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 missing	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						missing property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Smallpox had already killed huge numbers of native people

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Smallpox	Smallpox	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 killed	nsubj:pass
2	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 killed	aux
3	already	already	ADV	_	4 killed	advmod
4	killed	kill	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 numbers	amod
6	numbers	number	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 killed	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 people	case
8	native	native	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 people	amod
9	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 numbers	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	kill	past · perfect · passive		Smallpox					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Experiencer number=Result

Option 2

Nothing; a few hundred soldiers alone could easily beat millions

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	root	root
2	;	;	PUNCT	_	10 beat	punct
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 soldiers	det
4	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 soldiers	amod
5	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 soldiers	nummod
6	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 beat	nsubj
7	alone	alone	ADV	_	6 soldiers	advmod
8	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 beat	aux
9	easily	easily	ADV	_	10 beat	advmod
10	beat	beat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Nothing	appos
11	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 beat	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	beat	could	a few hundred soldiers	millions				easily property	vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location million=Theme

Option 3

The Inca invited the Spanish in to rule them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Inca	det
2	Inca	Inca	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 invited	nsubj
3	invited	invite	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Spanish	det
5	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 invited	obj
6	in	in	SCONJ	_	8 rule	mark
7	to	to	PART	_	8 rule	mark
8	rule	rule	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 invited	advcl
9	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 rule	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invite	past	the Inca	the Spanish					vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spanish=Recipient
2	rule	to-infinitive	the Inca not said here	them = they					vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Option 4

The Aztecs had no cities, no farms and no armies

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Aztecs	det
2	Aztecs	Aztec	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 had	nsubj
3	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 cities	det
5	cities	city	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 had	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 farms	punct
7	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	8 farms	det
8	farms	farm	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cities	conj
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 armies	cc
10	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	11 armies	det
11	armies	army	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cities	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	past	the Aztecs	no cities and no farms and no armies					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/86-olympiad-cause-and-effect-chains/t4/