Test 2 · What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares
Your cousin reckons "cat" is the real name and other languages just copy English. Is she right?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: cousin, cat · What happens: reckon, be, copy · To what, where: real name, English
This is test 2 of lesson 1 «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: Your cousin reckons "cat" is the real name and other languages just copy English.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 cousin | nmod:poss |
| 2 | cousin | cousin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 reckons | nsubj |
| 3 | reckons | reckon | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 cat | punct |
| 5 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 name | nsubj |
| 6 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 5 cat | punct |
| 7 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 name | cop |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 name | det |
| 9 | real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 name | amod |
| 10 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 reckons | ccomp |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 languages | cc |
| 12 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 languages | amod |
| 13 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 name | conj |
| 14 | just | just | ADV | _ | 15 copy | advmod |
| 15 | copy | copy | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 reckons | advcl |
| 16 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 copy | obj |
| 17 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 reckons | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reckon | present | Your cousin | vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | is a | present | cat | the real name and other languages | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | copy | present | Your cousin not said here | English | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Is she right?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 right | cop |
| 2 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 right | nsubj |
| 3 | right | right | ADV | _ | root | root |
| 4 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 right | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | cat | right property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice
Yes, because cats understand English best of all the languages
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | yes | INTJ | Polarity=Pos | 5 understand | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 understand | punct |
| 3 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 5 understand | mark |
| 4 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 understand | nsubj |
| 5 | understand | understand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 best | nsubj |
| 7 | best | well | ADV | Degree=Sup | 5 understand | advmod |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 11 languages | case |
| 9 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 11 languages | det:predet |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 languages | det |
| 11 | languages | language | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 best | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | understand | present | cats | well property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
Option 2
No, the true name is the Latin one
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | INTJ | Polarity=Neg | 9 one | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 No | punct |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 name | det |
| 4 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 name | amod |
| 5 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 one | nsubj |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 one | cop |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 one | det |
| 8 | Latin | Latin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 one | amod |
| 9 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | the true name | the Latin one | tree rules |
Option 3
Yes, because cats understand English best
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yes | yes | INTJ | Polarity=Pos | 5 understand | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 understand | punct |
| 3 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 5 understand | mark |
| 4 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 understand | nsubj |
| 5 | understand | understand | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 7 best | nsubj |
| 7 | best | good | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 5 understand | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | understand | present | cats | best | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
Option 4 · ✓ the right answer
No, words are agreed by each language and none is the true name
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No | no | INTJ | Polarity=Neg | 5 agreed | discourse |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 No | punct |
| 3 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 agreed | nsubj:pass |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 agreed | aux:pass |
| 5 | agreed | agree | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | by | by | ADP | _ | 8 language | case |
| 7 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 8 language | det |
| 8 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 agreed | obl |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 name | cc |
| 10 | none | none | PRON | PronType=Neg | 14 name | nsubj |
| 11 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 name | cop |
| 12 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 name | det |
| 13 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 name | amod |
| 14 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 language | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | agree speech: agree | present · passive | each language and the true name | words | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent subject=Topic | ||||
| 2 | is a | present | none | the true name | tree rules |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/t2/