Test 1 · ★ · Where English came from

Your mate goes "English has always been in England, it's English, innit." What's true?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: mate, English · What happens: go, be · To what, where: England, English

This is test 1 · ★ of lesson 22 «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your mate goes "English has always been in England, it's English, innit."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 mate	nmod:poss
2	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 goes	nsubj
3	goes	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 England	punct
5	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 England	nsubj
6	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 England	aux
7	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	10 England	advmod
8	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	10 England	cop
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 England	case
10	England	England	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 goes	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 English	punct
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 English	nsubj
13	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 English	cop
14	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 England	conj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 innit	punct
16	innit	innit	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 England	appos
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 goes	punct
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 goes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	go	present	Your mate				vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is in a quote	present · perfect	English		England and English	always property	tree rules
3	is a in a quote	present	mate	English			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

It arrived over the sea with Germanic settlers about 1,500 years ago

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 arrived	nsubj
2	arrived	arrive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	over	over	ADP	_	5 sea	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 sea	det
5	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 arrived	obl
6	with	with	ADP	_	8 settlers	case
7	Germanic	germanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 settlers	amod
8	settlers	settler	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 arrived	obl
9	about	about	ADV	_	10 1,500	advmod
10	1,500	1,500	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	11 years	nummod
11	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 ago	obl:unmarked
12	ago	ago	ADV	_	2 arrived	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	arrive	past	It			the sea		with Germanic settlers; ago property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme over sea=Initial_Location

Option 2

It came with the Vikings first

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 came	nsubj
2	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	with	with	ADP	_	5 Vikings	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Vikings	det
5	Vikings	Viking	PROPN	Number=Plur	2 came	obl
6	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	2 came	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	come	past	It					with the Vikings; first property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

He's right, it has been spoken in England since the very first people

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 spoken	punct
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 spoken	nsubj:pass
6	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 spoken	aux
7	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	8 spoken	aux:pass
8	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 right	parataxis
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 England	case
10	England	England	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 spoken	obl
11	since	since	ADP	_	15 people	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 people	det
13	very	very	ADV	_	14 first	advmod
14	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	15 people	amod
15	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 spoken	obl:agent

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	speak speech: other	present · perfect · passive	the first people	it		England			tree rules

Option 4

It came from Latin-speaking Romans, who brought it about 2,000 years ago

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 came	nsubj
2	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 Latin	case
4	Latin	Latin	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 came	obl
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 speaking	punct
6	speaking	speak	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 Romans	amod
7	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	10 brought	nsubj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 brought	punct
9	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 brought	nsubj
10	brought	bring	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 came	conj
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 brought	obj
12	about	about	ADV	_	13 2,000	advmod
13	2,000	2000	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	14 years	nummod
14	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 ago	obl:unmarked
15	ago	ago	ADV	_	10 brought	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	come	past	It		Latin		vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from latin=Initial_Location
2	speak speech: other	gerund					vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	bring	past	speaking Romans	it		ago property	vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/22-where-english-came-from/t1/