Test 4 · Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukra…
Your mate says "jungle always meant rainforest, end of." What's true?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: mate, jungle · What happens: say, mean, be · To what, where: rainforest · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 4 of lesson 24 «Borrowed words from far away: Hindi, Arabic, Chinese, Ukrainian and more» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: Your mate says "jungle always meant rainforest, end of."
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 2 mate | nmod:poss |
| 2 | mate | mate | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 says | nsubj |
| 3 | says | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 meant | punct |
| 5 | jungle | jungle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 meant | nsubj |
| 6 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 7 meant | advmod |
| 7 | meant | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 says | ccomp |
| 8 | rainforest | rainforest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 meant | obj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 end | punct |
| 10 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 rainforest | appos |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 end | case |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 meant | punct |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 7 meant | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | say speech: assert | present | Your mate | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 2 | mean in a quote | past | jungle | rainforest | always property | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rainforest=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: What's true?
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 3 true | nsubj |
| 2 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 true | cop |
| 3 | true | true | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | ? | ? | PUNCT | _ | 3 true | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | true property | tree rules |
The options
Option 1
It meant "tree" in Latin
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 meant | nsubj |
| 2 | meant | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 tree | punct |
| 4 | tree | tree | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 meant | obj |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 tree | punct |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 7 Latin | case |
| 7 | Latin | Latin | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 meant | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | past | It | tree | in Latin | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot tree=Theme in latin=Attribute |
Option 2 · ✓ the right answer
Hindi "jangal" meant wild land, and the meaning changed in English
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hindi | Hindi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 jangal | compound |
| 2 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 jangal | punct |
| 3 | jangal | jangal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 meant | nsubj |
| 4 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 3 jangal | punct |
| 5 | meant | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | wild | wild | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 land | amod |
| 7 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 meant | obj |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 changed | punct |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 changed | cc |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 meaning | det |
| 11 | meaning | meaning | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 changed | nsubj |
| 12 | changed | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 meant | conj |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 English | case |
| 14 | English | English | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 changed | obl |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | past | Hindi jangal | wild land | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Topic | ||||
| 2 | change | past | the meaning | English | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
Option 3
It meant "lion"
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 2 meant | nsubj |
| 2 | meant | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 lion | punct |
| 4 | lion | lion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 meant | obj |
| 5 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 4 lion | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | past | It | lion | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lion=Topic |
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice
He's right, it has always meant a hot rainforest full of monkeys and vines
The tree, 15 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | He | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 right | nsubj |
| 2 | 's | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 right | cop |
| 3 | right | right | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 meant | punct |
| 5 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 8 meant | nsubj:pass |
| 6 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 meant | aux |
| 7 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 8 meant | advmod |
| 8 | meant | mean | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 right | parataxis |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 rainforest | det |
| 10 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 rainforest | amod |
| 11 | rainforest | rainforest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 meant | obj |
| 12 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 rainforest | amod |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 monkeys | case |
| 14 | monkeys | monkey | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 full | obl |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 vines | cc |
| 16 | vines | vine | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 monkeys | conj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | He | right property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | mean | present · perfect · passive | it | always property | tree rules |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/24-borrowed-words-from-far-away/t4/