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Test 9 · ★ · How babies learn to talk

Your dad says "too late for me to learn Ukrainian, I'm 40." What's the encouraging truth?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: dad, encouraging truth · What happens: say, learn, be, encourage · To what, where: Ukrainian, 40 · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 9 · ★ of lesson 31 «How babies learn to talk» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your dad says "too late for me to learn Ukrainian, I'm 40."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 dad	nmod:poss
2	dad	dad	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 late	punct
5	too	too	ADV	_	6 late	advmod
6	late	late	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 says	ccomp
7	for	for	SCONJ	_	10 learn	mark
8	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	10 learn	nsubj
9	to	to	PART	_	10 learn	mark
10	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 late	advcl
11	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 learn	obj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 40	punct
13	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	15 40	nsubj
14	'm	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 40	cop
15	40	40	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	10 learn	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 late	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 late	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your dad						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	learn in a quote	to-infinitive	Your dad = dad	Ukrainian					vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ukrainian=Topic
3	is a in a quote	present	Your dad = dad	40					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's the encouraging truth?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 truth	det
4	encouraging	encourage	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 truth	amod
5	truth	truth	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the encouraging truth						tree rules
2	encourage	gerund							vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Adults can learn languages well, it's never too late

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Adults	adult	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 learn	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 learn	aux
3	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	languages	language	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 learn	obj
5	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	3 learn	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 late	punct
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 late	nsubj
8	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 late	cop
9	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	11 late	advmod
10	too	too	ADV	_	11 late	advmod
11	late	late	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 learn	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	learn	can	Adults	languages				well property	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Topic
2	not is	present	it					late property	tree rules

Option 2

Adults can only learn sign language

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Adults	adult	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 learn	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 learn	aux
3	only	only	ADV	_	4 learn	advmod
4	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	sign	sign	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 language	compound
6	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 learn	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	learn	can	Adults	sign language					vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Topic

Option 3

Only children can learn Ukrainian

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 children	advmod
2	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 learn	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 learn	aux
4	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 learn	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	learn	can	children	Ukrainian					vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ukrainian=Topic

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

He's right, learning a language is impossible after the age of 12

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 impossible	csubj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 learning	punct
5	learning	learn	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 right	advcl
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 language	det
7	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 learning	obj
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 impossible	cop
9	impossible	impossible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
10	after	after	ADP	_	12 age	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 age	det
12	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 impossible	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 12	case
14	12	12	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	12 age	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	learn	gerund	He not said here	a language					vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Topic
3	is	present					after the age of 12	impossible property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/31-how-babies-learn-to-talk/t9/