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Test 1 · Words that changed their meaning

Your mate goes "words never change, bruv, a word means what it means, forever." What's true?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: mate, words, word · What happens: go, not change, mean, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your mate goes "words never change, bruv, a word means what it means, forever."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 mate	nmod:poss
2	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 goes	nsubj
3	goes	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 change	punct
5	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 change	nsubj
6	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	7 change	advmod
7	change	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 goes	ccomp
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 bruv	punct
9	bruv	bruv	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 change	vocative
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 means	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 word	det
12	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 means	nsubj
13	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 goes	parataxis
14	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	16 means	obj
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 means	nsubj
16	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 means	ccomp
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 forever	punct
18	forever	forever	ADV	_	16 means	advmod
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 goes	punct
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 goes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	go	present	Your mate						vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	not change in a quote	present	words					bruv vocative	vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	mean in a quote	present	a word						vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	mean in a quote	present	mate					forever property	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Only slang words ever change, never proper ones

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 slang	advmod
2	slang	slang	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 change	nsubj
4	ever	ever	ADV	PronType=Ind	5 change	advmod
5	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 slang	acl:relcl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 ones	punct
7	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	9 ones	advmod
8	proper	proper	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 ones	amod
9	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 slang	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change	infinitive	words	slang and proper ones not said here			ever		vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slang=Patient

Option 2

Words change only when the government says so

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 change	nsubj
2	change	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	only	only	ADV	_	2 change	advmod
4	when	when	SCONJ	_	7 says	mark
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 government	det
6	government	government	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 says	nsubj
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 change	advcl
8	so	so	ADV	_	7 says	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	change	present	Words						vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	say speech: assert	present	the government						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

He's right, words are fixed when they're first used

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 fixed	punct
5	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 fixed	nsubj:pass
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 fixed	aux:pass
7	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 right	parataxis
8	when	when	SCONJ	_	12 used	mark
9	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 used	nsubj:pass
10	're	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 used	aux:pass
11	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	12 used	advmod
12	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 fixed	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	fix	present · passive		words					vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: subject=Patient
3	use	present · passive		words = word				first property	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Many words drift in meaning over hundreds of years

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 words	amod
2	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 drift	nsubj
3	drift	drift	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 meaning	case
5	meaning	meaning	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 drift	obl
6	over	over	ADP	_	7 hundreds	case
7	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 drift	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 years	case
9	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 hundreds	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	drift	present	Many words			meaning		over hundreds of years	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V PP.source PP.trajectory PP.destination»: agent=Theme in meaning=Source over hundred=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/t1/